（新教材）2020-2021学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第二册课件：UNIT 4 PERIOD 3 LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE .ppt

1、Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land Period 3Learning About Language语法精析课语法精讲透析现在分词和过去分词【体验悟】阅读下面的课文原句,判断黑色字体的单词是现在分词还是过去分词。The next day was clear and mild,and they were pleased to see the beautiful mountains looking out over the city.Seen from the train window,the mountains and forests of Canada looke

2、d massive.The next morning,the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise,passing through the Canadian Rockies.Looking at the beautiful scenery,they both agreed that it was the mostawesome journey they had ever taken.There was frost on the ground,confirming that autumn had arrived in Can

3、ada.【生成得】1.现在分词(present participle)(又称-ing形式,现在进行时),是分词的一种,分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当_,但能充当其他的一些成分(定语,表语,补足语,状语),并且它们具有动词的性质,所以又是类动词的一种。一般式:_;一般被动式:_ _;完成式:_;完成被动式:_。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加_,包括独立主格形式。谓语doingbeingdonehaving donehaving been donenot2.现在分词在英语这一科目中,也是比较重要的一部分,具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的

4、_和_;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当_,_,_,_,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种。3.过去分词在句中可以作定语、状语或宾语补足语,表示它与所修饰的词之间的被动关系。宾语状语表语定语状语补足语【研学析】一、现在分词的时态过去分词没有时态形式的变化,所以这里只讲现在分词的时态形式。1.现在分词的时态形式一般式:doing 完成式:having done2.现在分词一般式其所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:Working together with Dr.Bethune,we learned a lot from him.在和白求恩大夫一起工作时,我们从他

5、身上学到了很多东西。(working与learned同时发生)3.现在分词完成式其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,常常用作状语,表示时间或原因。如:Having done his homework,the schoolboy began to write his diary.这个男学生做完作业后,开始写日记。(having done his homework发生在began之前,表示时间。)4.现在分词的被动语态一般式:being done完成式:having been done如:Being surrounded,the enemy troops were forced to s

6、urrender.敌军被包围了,被迫投降。Having been asked to stay,I couldnt very well leave.人家请我留下,我就不好离开了。【内化用】语法填空。_(know)that they were going abroad next week,they began to make preparations.Not _(do)it right,I tried again.He came up to me,_(say)“Glad to see you again.”This is one of the many dams _(build)along the

7、 river.Knowinghaving donesayingbeing built二、含有分词的复合宾语 分词可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。可有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等等。如:We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过那条马路。【语境辨析】1.在have或get后面的复合宾语中,宾语补足语多是过去分词,而它所表示的动作又往往由别人完成。如:We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。(请别人修)2.但have的复合宾语中

8、的过去分词的动作有时不一定由别人来完成,而是表示自己的经验。如:He had his arm broken.他把手臂折断了。(不是别人给弄折的,而是自己弄折的)【点拨迷津】1.上述句子结构变为被动语态时,除主语和宾语互换位置外,分词不动。如上面的例句可变为:They were seen walking across the road.2.现在分词在复合宾语中和动词原形在复合宾语中的意义稍有不同。后者指事情的全过程,目的在于仅仅说明发生了这件事;前者指正在继续的动作的一部分,目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前,其含义相当于进行时态。如:I saw him go upstairs.我看见

9、他上楼去了。(看见他上楼的整个过程,只说明他上楼这件事)I saw him going upstairs.我看见他走上楼的。(只看见他上楼这个动作的一部分,说明他上楼的情景)I was working in the room all morning,I heard somebody knock at the next door.我整个上午在房间工作,听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。(听见敲门整个过程)When I went back to the room,I heard her practicing singing in the next room.我回房间时听见她在隔壁房间练歌。(只听见一部分,也

10、许回房间前她已开始唱了)【内化用】语法填空。I found my hometown almost completely _(rebuild).I had my watch _(mend)in town.If we have shortcomings,we are not afraid to have them _(point)out and criticized.We heard the children _(sing)“I Love Beijings Tian anmen”.rebuiltmendedpointedsinging三、现在分词和过去分词主要的区别表现在语态和时间关系上1.语态上

11、不同:现在分词表示主动的意思,而过去分词多由及物动词变来,表示被动的意思。试比较:surprising 使人感到惊讶的(主动)surprised 自己感到惊讶的(被动,即被惊讶的)an exciting story 一个令人兴奋的故事(主动)excited spectators 激动的观众(被动,即被引起激动的)A tiring journey 累人的旅行A tired football player 累了的足球运动员He told us many interesting things last night.他昨夜告诉我们许多有趣的事情。She is interested in astrono

12、my.她对天文学有兴趣。也有一些过去分词是由不及物动词变来的,它们只表示一个动作已完成,没有被动的意味。如:the risen sun 升起的太阳fallen leaves 落叶the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹a retired miner 一个退休矿工2.时间关系上不同:一般说来,现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往已经完成。试比较:the changing world 正在变化着的世界the changed world 已经变化了的世界boiling water 正在开的水boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水)developin

13、g countries 发展中国家【内化用】根据汉语提示用括号中词的适当形式填空。a _(move)film 一部感人的影片a _(move)audience 一位受感动的观众_(return)students 归国留学生_(develop)countries 发达国家movingmovedreturneddeveloped四、分词和分词短语的用法1.作定语用的分词如果是单词,一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:Im reading a very interesting book.我在读一本很有趣的书。He likes to drink cold boiled water.他喜欢喝凉开水。分词短语

14、作定语用时,一般放在它所修饰的名词的后面。它的功用相当于定语从句。如:China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third World.(=which belongs to the Third World)中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家,属于第三世界。The man sitting in the corner is my brother.(=who is sitting in the corner)坐在角落里的那个人是我的弟弟。2.作表语The opera is very moving and instructive.这个

15、歌剧很动人,且有教育意义。The cups are broken.这些杯子是破的。【点拨迷津】分词作表语用时,相当于形容词,不可与进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆。它们的形式相似,但可以从意义上加以辨别。试比较:Lei Fengs spirit is inspiring the people all over the country.雷锋的精神鼓舞着全国人民。(现在进行时)His report is inspiring.他的报告鼓舞人心。(现在分词作表语)The road was completed by the PLA men.这条路是中国人民解放军战士修成的。(被动语态)The road i

16、s completed.这条路已经修成。(过去分词作表语)3.作状语:分词在意义上也可用作状语,表示时间、原因、方式和伴随情况等。(1)表示时间(在意义上往往相当于表示时间的状语从句)。如:Looking out of the window,I saw groups of children passing by the house.我从窗口望出去,看见成群的孩子们从房子前面走过。(=When I looked out of the window)Heated,the metal expands.这种金属加热后会膨胀。(=When it is heated)Opening the drawer

17、he took out a dictionary.他打开抽屉,拿出一本词典。(=He opened the drawer and took.这两个动作是一个接着一个)【点拨迷津】如果要强调分词短语与谓语动词所表示的时间关系,分词短语之前可用when或while等连词。如:While working in the factory(=While I was working in the factory),I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工厂工作期间,从工人那里学到了很多东西。(2)表示原因(在意义上相当于表示原因的状语从句)。如:Feeling tired,I

18、telephoned and said I couldnt come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到累,打电话说我不能去中医医院了。(=Since I felt tired)Thinking that Chinese medicine might help,he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中医也许有效,于是到一家中医医院去治病。(=As he thought that.)(3)表示方式、伴随情况及结果(这种用法没有相当的状语从句可以代替)。如:He came running back to te

19、ll us the news.他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。(方式)She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那儿等公共汽车。(伴随情况)The child fell,striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤,头在门上碰破了。(结果)He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一声把门关上了。(伴随情况)The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的。(方式)【内化用】用括号中单词的适当形式填空。Most of the peo

20、ple _(invite)to the party did not come.He was _(marry)when he was twenty five years old._(inspire)by the excellent situation they worked even harder.invitedmarriedInspired五、独立主格结构(absolute construction)1.定义独立主格,首先它是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”,在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构不是主谓完整的简

21、单句,而只是一个短语。其公式为:名词/名词短语/代词+不定式/-ing分词/-ed分词/形容词/副词/介词短语。名词前也可以加with。2.功能“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫作独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以作定语。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状

22、语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:(1)表示时间The meeting being over,all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over。Her work done,she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。her work done相当于when her work was done。(2)表示条件The condition being favorable,he may succeed.若条件有利,他或许

23、能成功。the condition being favorable相当于If the condition is favorable。(3)表示原因There being no taxis,we had to walk.没有出租车,我们只好步行。There being no taxis相当于Since there was no taxi。He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty.夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。the night being dark and frosty相当于as the night

24、 was dark and frosty。(4)表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)(5)表示补充说明*We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一

25、般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。特点独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即逻辑主语为动作执行者。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开(不绝对)。【点拨迷津】1.独立主格与状语从句的转换:当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over(=Class being over/Class over),the students soon left the classroo

26、m.下课后,学生很快离开了教室。2.不能省略being(having been)的情形:在下列三种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday,we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去做礼拜了。(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus,we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。(3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”,being不可省略。3.通常不用物主代词或冠词

27、:在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:Mr Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.史密斯先生走进了教室,手里拿着一本书。4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。The chief-editor arriving,we began themeeting.主编来了,我们开始开会。【内化用】用括号中单词的适当形式填空。We shall thresh the wheat,weather _(permit).It _(be)National Day today,the streets are very crowded.This _(do),we went home.She gazed,her hands _(clasp)to her breast.permittingbeingdoneclasped【常温故勤总结】现在分词构成口诀现在分词用途多,进行时态不可缺。它的构成很好记,动词后缀ing,词尾若有哑音e,去e再加ing。一辅重读闭音节,这个字母要双写。还有一点要注意,改ie为y再加ing。注意:以上口诀可以归纳成九个字“直接加,去e加,双拼加。