专题10 阅读理解之说明文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考阅读理解之说明文 知识导图要点精析一、命题趋势科普类说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空生物心理考古等领域话题。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此这方面说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。所以科普类说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐而科普类文章往往具有跨学科行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握二、题型概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考

2、考查难点。科普说明文着重揭示自然界潜在的奥秘、生物生存背景和产品工艺原理，多解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，因此阅读科普说明文时同学们一定要保持冷静，始终以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系。试题核心考查点： 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象 有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析解决实际问题的能力三、选项特点1正确选项的特点(1)是对原文中某一短语或句子的转换说法，一定要对照原文，做出正确理解。(2)说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常用设问方式，解题

3、时应特别注意，因此多以How do/does.defend themselves(itself)为标题。(3)科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean？或What is the meaning of the underlined word？为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。2干扰选项的特点(1)断章取义，只是片面的理解很

4、容易出现偏差。(2)出现生词会比较多，一定要理解上下句的句意。四、 解题技法审题口诀：说明文章是“素描”，无情无议只介绍。阐明事理遵顺序，客观叙述不作造。不管题干如何问，原文材料是依靠。相关语句提信息，比对成功不动摇。科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以 及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等,其中以主旨大意和推理判断题居多。 从词汇角度来看,在科普类文章中,词汇的意义具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看,其结构较复杂,长难句较多,语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等结构。科

5、普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有:总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分或由分到总;承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接;递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普类文章的命题方式外,还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。方法1细节理解题说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。

6、【典例】When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and

7、 seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently.Because we can wat

8、ch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In

9、 study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other？Scientists dont kno

10、w.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 year

11、s ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.语篇解读：植物受到攻击时会自卫吗？它们受到攻击时，一旁其他植物会伸出援手吗？植物也会彼此交谈吗？或许这篇文章会为你解开这些疑惑，让你对植物世界有一个全新认识。What does a plant do when it is under attack?AIt makes noises. BIt get

12、s help from other plants.CIt stands quietly. DIt sends out certain chemicals.解析细节理解题。本题问的是一株植物受到攻击后会做什么？结合第一段的“Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemical

13、s come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”和第二段的“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.”可知，D项符合题意。答案D方法2主旨大意题说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。【典例】Risk is something w

14、e face daily. However, some people are obviously more willing to take risks than others. Biologists appear to have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk-takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brai

15、ns reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be linked to risk-taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors(接收器) which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person has few active receptors

16、to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.Dopamine gives us a biological reason for risk-taking, but scientists believe there may be psychological reasons too. Sensation-seeking is a personality characteristic that desc

17、ribes the desire to find activities that bring us pleasure. In 1964, psychologist Marvin Zuckerman created the sensation-seeking scale. His 40-item questionnaire, still used today, was given to people who were active in seeking new activities, and to people who were more satisfied with a quiet life.

18、 While risk-taking is not a characteristic in itself, it is very much associated with sensation-seeking, as a high sensation-seeker does not evaluate risk in the same way that a low sensation-seeker does. A desire to achieve pleasure means that there is a greater willingness to take more risks.There

19、 are both biological and psychological explanations as to why some people may choose to take more risks than others. However, none of these explanations are definitive.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了导致人们更愿意冒险的两方面原因：生物原因多巴胺；心理原因对快乐的渴望。What can be concluded from paragraph 4?A. The longing for pleasure may lead to r

20、isk taking.B. A willingness to take more risks can be cultivated. C. The sensation-seeking scale can help to evaluate risk.D. High sensation-seekers are more common than low ones.解析段落主旨判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是“Dopamine gives us a biological reason for risk - taking, but scientists believe there may be psycho

21、logical reasons too”可知，科学家认为多巴胺是我们愿意冒险的生物原因，也可能有导致我们冒险行为的心理原因，再根据“a desire to achieve pleasure means that there is a greater willingness to take more risks.”可知，渴望获得快乐就是这个心理原因，由此可知，对快乐的渴望可能会导致冒险。答案 A方法3标题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suita

22、ble title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。【典例】Earths geologic agestime periods defined by evidence in rock layers typically last more than three million years. Were barely 11,500 years into the curren

23、t age, the Holocene. But a new paper argues that weve already entered a new onethe Anthropocene, or “new man”, age.The name isnt brand-new. Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen, a co-author of the paper, coined it in 2002 to reflect the changes since the industrial revolution. The paper, however, is part

24、 of new push to formalize the Anthropocene age.If the concept of the Anthropocene age is to be formalized, scientists will first have to identify and define a boundary line, or marker, thats set in stone. “The key thing is thinking about howthousands of years in the futuregeologists might come back

25、and actually recognize in the deposit record the beginning of the Anthropocene,” explained Alan Haywood of the University of Leeds in the U.K. “Its not as straightforward as you might think. The marker has to be very precise, and it has to be recognized in many different parts of the world,” said Ha

26、ywood, who wasnt involved in the new study.The push for a formal declaration of the Anthropocene age is about more than just scientific curiosity. The move, the scientists write in the latest issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology, “might be used as encouragement to slow carbon emis

27、sions and biodiversity (生物多样性) loss” or “as evidence on protection measures.” Just as Haywood said, by underlining how much were changing the environment, the formalization would be “a very powerful statement”.What is the best title for the passage?A. Humans Are Destroying the Earth, Geologists Warn

28、B. Too Early to Set Things in Stone, Authorities SayC. More Evidence Is Needed, Universities RequireD. A New Earth Age May Begin, Scientists Argue语篇解读：本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要讲述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代人类世，或者“新人类”时代。【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段But a new paper argues that weve already entered a new onethe Anthropocene,

29、or “new man”, age.及全文内容可知，文章主要叙述一篇新的论文认为我们也许已经进入了一个新的时代人类世，或者“新人类”时代。答案 D方法4推理判断题为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。【典例】Parallel worlds exist and interact with our world, say physicists.Quantum mechanics (量子力学), though firmly tested, is

30、 so weird and anti-intuitive that physicist Richard Feynman once remarked, “I think I can safely say nobody understands quantum mechanics.” Attempts to explain some of the bizarre (奇异的) consequences of quantum theory have led to some mind-bending ideas, such as the Copenhagen interpretation and the

31、many-worlds interpretation.Now theres a new theory on the block, called the “many interacting worlds” hypothesis (假设) (MIW), and the idea is just as profound as it sounds. The theory suggests not only parallel worlds exist, but that they interact with our world on the quantum level and are thus dete

32、ctable. Though still speculative (推测的), the theory may help to finally explain some of the bizarre consequences inherent in quantum mechanics.The theory is a spinoff of the many-worlds interpretation in quantum mechanicsan assumption that all possible alternative histories and futures are real, each

33、 representing an actual, though parallel, world. One problem with the many-worlds interpretation, however, has been that it is fundamentally untestable, since observations can only be made in our world. Happenings in these proposed “parallel” worlds can thus only be imagined.MIW, however, says other

34、wise. It suggests that parallel worlds can interact on the quantum level, and in fact that they do.“The idea of parallel universes in quantum mechanics has been around since 1957,” explained Howard Wiseman, a physicist at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia, and one of the physicists to come

35、up with MIW. “In the well-known Many-Worlds Interpretation, each universe branches into a bunch of new universes every time a quantum measurement is made. All possibilities are therefore realized in some universes the dinosaur-killing asteroid (小行星) missed Earth. In others, Australia was colonized b

36、y the Portuguese.”“But critics question the reality of these other universes, since they do not influence our universe at all,” he added. “On this score, our Many Interacting Worlds approach is completely different, as its name implies.”Wiseman and colleagues have proposed that there exists “a unive

37、rsal force of repulsion between nearby(i.e. similar) worlds, which tends to make them more dissimilar.” Quantum effects can be explained by factoring in this force, they propose.When asked about whether their theory might imply that humans could someday interact with other worlds, Wiseman said: “Its

38、 not part of our theory. But the idea of human interactions with other universes is no longer pure fantasy.”What might your life look like if you made different choices? Maybe one day youll be able to look into one of these alternative worlds and find out.语篇解读：这是一篇科普类新闻报道。报道了科学家对量子力学MIW理论学说的观点。Accor

39、ding to paragraph 3-5, the new theory MIW differs from the previous one in that _.A. MIW develops from quantum mechanicsB. MIW suggests the interaction can be detectedC. The previous one is based on profound foundationD. The previous one proves that MIW is imagined【解析】推理判断题。由第四段“The theory is a spin

40、off of the many-worlds interpretation in quantum mechanics”可知，这个理论是量子力学中多世界解释的一个分支。由第二段“Attempts to explain some of the bizarre (奇异的) consequences of quantum theory have led to some mind-bending ideas, such as the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds interpretation.可知，试图解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果已经导致了一

41、些令人难以置信的想法，例如哥本哈根解释和多世界解释。”所以哥本哈根解释和多世界解释是根据解释量子理论的一些奇怪的后果而产生的, 而MIW理论由量子力学发展而来。故判断出根据第3-5段，新的理论MIW与以前的不同之处在于MIW由量子力学发展而来。答案 AThe last sentence of the last paragraph implies that _.A. someday humans may live in different universes in one lifetimeB. humans may make different choices simultaneously (同

42、时地) and live in different universesC. humans may live again from the beginning if they regret their life in this universeD. life would be more unexpected, but all you expect may be true in other universes【解析】推理判断题。由最后段“Maybe one day youll be able to look into one of these alternative worlds and find

43、 out.”可知，也许有一天你会看到这些可替代的世界之一，并可以弄清楚他们的情况。所以判断出它暗示人类与其他宇宙的互动不再是纯粹的幻想，人类可能同时做出不同的选择，并生活在不同的宇宙中。从而揭示平行世界是存在的，并与我们的世界相互作用。答案 B方法5代词指代判断题科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。【典例】His black

44、andwhite pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional selfsupporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，which brin

45、gs with it not only necessary state welfare，but also alcoholism，betrayal and even suicide.What does the underlined world “it” in the last paragraph refer to?AThe modern French lifestyle. BThe selfsupporting hunting.CThe uncivilized world. DThe French Republic.解析分析画线词所在句的句子结构可知，which brings with it n

46、ot only necessary state welfare，but also alcoholism，betrayal and even suicide为非限制性定语从句，修饰the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，故it指的是“法国现代的生活方式”。答案A方法6生词词义或句意猜测题科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the

47、underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。【典例】.Researchers at Vanderbilt University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine asked 34 men and women to complete a questionnaire about their risk taking to assess whether they seek new opportunities or a

48、re cautious in life. The results of the research were consistent with similar studies carried out with rats, and had the same outcome. It concluded that people who are risk-takers have fewer dopamine receptors than people who are not. The underlined phrase “consistent with” is closest to “_” in mean

49、ing.A. contrary toB. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in解析词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“and had the same outcome.”可知，这个研究的结果与对老鼠进行的结果相同，这说明两个研究的结果一致，由此可知画线词词义为“与一致”。答案B【典例】Is Paperless Office Really Paperless?A rising economy increased paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year in the early to mid-199

50、0s, and the convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to print anything and everything. In 2004, Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director, said that plain white office paper would see less than a 4 percent growth rate, a primary reason for which is that some 47 percent of the wo

51、rkforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices.For office innovators, the dream of paperless office is an example of high-tech arrogance (傲慢). Todays office service is overwhelmed by more newspapers than ever before. After decades of development, the American g

52、overnment can finally get rid of the madness on paper. In the past, the demand for paper has been far ahead of growth in the American economy, but the sales have slowed markedly over the past two to three years, despite the good economic conditions. “Old habits are hard to break,” says Ms. Dunn. “Th

53、ere are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesnt work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness.” Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our eagerness for paper, however, will be anything

54、 but an easy affair.What does the last sentence in Para. 3 mean?A. We have to look at paper consumption from different angles.B. There is little chance that paper consumption will fall in the digital age.C. Paper consumption will be greatly reduced in the digital age.D. People are no longer so addic

55、ted to paper in the digital age. 语篇解读：本文是一篇社会类说明文。随着信息化的发展，越来越多的公司实行无纸化办公，但是，无纸化办公真的无纸吗？解析句意理解题。根据文章第三段Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair.可知，分析人士认为纸张的下

56、降归因于数字数据库和通信系统的进步等因素。然而，要摆脱对纸张的迫切需要绝非易事。所以这句话可以理解为：在数字时代，纸张消费下降的可能性很小。答案B方法7篇章结构题对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：The sentence in paragraph means _.; The example of in para.is used to illustrate/show

57、_ .Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?【典例】The Indian government may use 3D paintings as virtual speed-breakers on major highways arid roads, in an attempt to check speeding and careless driving, and eventually make its deadly roads a little safer. “We are trying out 3D pa

58、intings used as virtual speed breakers to avoid unnecessary requirements of speed breakers,” Indias transport minister Nitin Gadkari tweeted.The visual illusions are supposed to encourage drivers to slow down automatically. Earlier this month, India had ordered the removal of all speed breakers from

59、 highways, which are considered to be a danger to safety for high-speed vehicles.India has the highest number of road accident deaths in the world. According to the World Health Organisation, over 200,00 people are killed by road accidents due to poor application of road safety laws. This is conside

60、rably higher than its official figures of 141,526 for 2014.The use of visual illusions as speed breakers was first pioneered in the American city of Philadelphia in 2008, as part of a campaign against speeding motorists. The technique has also been tried out in China to create floating 3D crossings.

61、In India, cities such as Ahmedabad and Chennai have already experimented with 3D zebra crossings in the last one year. In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year. The artists say their motto is “to increase the attentio

62、n of drivers”, and that the concept has been successfully tested in zones where accidents easily occur on a highway.”However, critics argue that once drivers know that these speed breakers arc visual illusions, they may ignore them. Others also point out that Indias decision does not consider the sa

63、fety of a large number of walkers. In the end, the new policy may be just one step towards improving road safety.The author explains the experiment of 3D zebra crossings in India by _.A. giving examples B. analyzing causesC. providing figures D. making comparisons语篇解读：本文叙述了印度政府决定用3D图画作为主要路段的减速器，目的是使

64、危险的路段变得安全，但有人也对此种方法的有效性表示怀疑。解析篇章结构题。根据第五段In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year.可知作者通过举例来解释印度3D斑马线的实验。【答案】A课堂典例Reading Comprehension AIf a woman has an extra piece of cake, dont blame it on greed, blame it on her br

65、ain.Scientists have found that womens brains react to food very differentlyand much more stronglythan mens. Academics found that decades of dieting pressure on women and advertising have programmed certain parts of the female brain to react strongly when faced with any kind of food. Men, on the othe

66、r hand, are not usually as obsessive about what they eat.Dr. Rudolf Uher and his colleagues at the Institute of Psychiatry in Kings College London used brain scanning technology, known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), to look at the brains of eighteen men and women.The volunteers wer

67、e given images of food to look at, as well as food to taste. Their brain reactions were observed by the scientists.They found that the female brains reacted much more strongly than those of males.The same reaction did not happen when they were shown non-food images. The team believe this means women

68、 think more about food than men tend to do.Dr. Uher said, “This could be related to biological differences between men and women. But the more likely explanation is that women have a more complicated reaction to food because of social pressure.Professor Carey Cooper, psychology and health professor

69、at Lancaster University, said, “For centuries women have had a providing role preparing and cooking food for their families. And it is part of that rule to make sure the food is safe. They will therefore be much more sensitive to food than men are, and I would not be surprised if that was now built

70、into their DNA. If the female brain reacts to food because it historically has developed neural pathways to do this, then food will be the way they express their stress. Food actually, is a comfort for women.”But other experts have said that more research must be done before the results can be prove

71、d. American scientist Angelo del Parigi of the John B. Pierce Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut, said, “Looking at an FMRI alone cannot make sure whether the stronger reaction in women is due to innate (天生的) differences or a learned process.1. Dr.Uher and his colleagues carried out the research b

72、y comparing _A. FMRIs effectiveness on women and menB. volunteers reaction to different kinds of foodC. volunteers reaction to food before and after mealsD. womens and mens reaction to different images of food2. In Dr. Uhers opinion, women react more strongly to food than men most probably because t

73、hey are _.A. told to do so for a long timeB. influenced by advertisementsC. forced by powerful social influencesD. born to do so due to biological reasons3. According to Professor Carey Cooper, women _.A. turn to food when they feel sadB. are stressed because of food safetyC. accept their social rol

74、e from the heartD. are satisfied with preparing food for their families4. What was Angelo del Parigis attitude towards the research results?A. Surprised. B. Uninterested. C. Doubtful. D. Curious.【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C【解析】如果一名女子有一块吃不下的蛋糕，不要责备她贪婪，这是由于她的大脑在作怪。科学家们发现女性的大脑对食物的反应很不同。最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失

75、望的复杂反应。1. 细节理解题。根据第五段“They found that the female brains reacted much more strongly than those of males.”及第六段中的“The same reaction did not happen when they were shown non-food images.”可知,Uher博士比较了男性和女性在面对不同图片时大脑的反应是否一样。故选D。2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“But the more likely explanation is that women have a more co

76、mplicated reaction to food because of social pressure.”可知最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失望的复杂反应。答案是C。3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的food will be the way they express their stress. Food actually, is a comfort for women可知，食物带给女性安慰，因此女性伤心难过时候会吃东西。故选A。4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Looking at an fMRI alone cannot make sure whether the stro

77、nger reaction in women is due to innate (天生的) differences or a learned process.”可以看出,Angelo del Parigi对Uher博士的研究结果持怀疑的态度。A. Surprised. 惊讶的； B. Uninterested.不感兴趣的；C. Doubtful. 怀疑的； D. Curious 好奇的. 故选C。 BYoure walking down a quiet street and suddenly you hear some footsteps. Undoubtedly, it means that

78、 theres someone around. But have you ever wondered why it occurs to us that its someone elses footsteps, not ours?According to a new study published in the journal Nature in September, this phenomenon arises from a function in our brain to ignore the noise we make ourselves.In order to explore how o

79、ur brain does this, a group of scientists carried out an experiment with mice at Duke University. The research centered on an intuition (直觉) - that we are usually unaware of the sound of our own footsteps - as a vehicle for understanding larger neural（神经系统的） phenomena: how this behavior reveals the

80、ability to monitor, recognize, and remember the sound of ones own movements in relation to those of their larger environments.In the experiment, researchers controlled the sounds a group of mice could hear, reported Science Daily. During the first several days, the mice would hear the same sound eac

81、h time they took a step. This was just like running on a tiny piano with each key playing exactly the same note, senior study author Richard Mooney, a professor of neurobiology at Duke University, told Live Science. Scientists found that their auditory cortex(听觉皮层) - the area of the brain that proce

82、sses sound - became active at first but decreased its response to the sound after two or three minutes when the mice became familiar with it.Its almost like they were wearing special headphones that could filter (过滤) out the sound of their own movements, David Schneider, an assistant professor at th

83、e Center for Neural Science at New York University, told HuffPost.But once the sound changed, their auditory cortex became active again. This suggests that the sensory filter in a mouses brain could help it detect new sounds or abnormal noise in the environment easily after tuning out familiar sound

84、s.For mice, this is really important, said Schneider. They are prey animals, so they really need to be able to listen for a cat creeping up on them, even when theyre walking and making noise.Being able to ignore the sounds of ones own movements is likely important for humans as well. But the ability

85、 to predict the sounds of our own actions is also important for more complex human behaviors such as speaking or playing an instrument.When we learn to speak or to play music, we predict what sounds were going to hear - such as when we prepare to strike keys on a piano - and we compare this to what

86、we actually hear, explains Schneider. We use mismatches between expectation and experience to change how we play - and we get better over time because our brain is trying to minimize these errors.5.What can be discovered about mice in the experiment?A. Their brain responds inactively to the familiar

87、 sounds.B. They are able to detect sounds other animals dont notice.C. They cannot identify different sounds except their own footsteps.D. Different areas of their brain are responsible for different sounds.6.Whats the function of the sensory filter?A. Getting used to abnormal or unfamiliar sounds.B

88、. Ignoring the sounds made by our companions.C. Identifying the sounds from a larger environment.D. Being sensitive to the sounds of our own movement.7.Why can a good symphony conductor immediately recognize it when a wrong note is played?A. He has the ability to match the wrong note with the instru

89、ment player.B. He has an intuition that he should ignore the sound of his own movement.C. He has a low expectation and knows where players are likely to make errors.D. He has a good prediction of how each note should be played in the orchestra.8.What can be inferred from the passage?A. Noise-filteri

90、ng ability ensures us a quiet and undisturbed environment.B. The ability to ignore familiar noises helps to detect potential dangers.C. The activeness of auditory cortex determines our activity performance. D. Sound-predicting ability seems not so important for humans as for animals.答案：5. A 6. C 7.

91、D 8. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要说明了根据9月份发表在自然杂志上的一项新研究表明人类拥有忽视熟悉的噪音的能力，即忽略我们自己发出的噪音。文章说明了得出这一结论的实验过程，实验结果说明能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说很重要。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第四段的句子：This suggests that the sensory filter in a mouses brain could help it detect new sounds or abnormal noise in the environment easily after tuning out familiar so

92、unds.（这表明老鼠大脑中的“感觉过滤器”可以帮助它在排除熟悉的声音后，很容易地检测到新的声音或环境中的异常噪音。）可知，实验的结果发现他们的大脑对熟悉的声音反应迟钝。故选A。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中This suggests that the “sensory filter” in a mouses brain could help it detect new sounds or abnormal noise in the environment easily after tuning out familiar sounds.（这表明，老鼠大脑中的“感觉过滤器”可以帮助它在

93、排除熟悉的声音后，更容易地检测到环境中的新声音或异常噪音。）可见，这种过滤器可以识别大环境中的声音。故选C。【7题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段句子：Being able to ignore the sounds of ones own movements is likely important for humans as well. But the ability to predict the sounds of our own actions is also important.（能够忽略自己动作的声音对人类来说也很重要。但是预测自己动作声音的能力对于更复杂的人类行为来说也很重要。）可推

94、知，一个好的交响乐指挥家在一个错误的音符被演奏时，能立即识别出它，因为他能很好地预测出每个音符在管弦乐队中应该如何演奏。故选D。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中Youre walking down a quiet street and suddenly you hear some footsteps. Undoubtedly, it means that theres someone around. But have you ever wonder why it occurs to us that its someone elses footsteps, not ours?（你走在一条安静

95、的街道上，突然听到一些脚步声。毫无疑问，这意味着周围有人。但你有没有想过为什么我们会想到这是别人的脚步声，而不是我们的？）可以判断出,如果人类有忽视熟悉噪音的能力，有助于发现潜在危险。故选B。CNew research in monkeys may provide a clue about how the brain manages vast amounts of information and remembers what it needs.The researchers found that when monkeys were taught to remember computer cli

96、p art pictures, their brains reduced the level of detail by sorting the pictures into categories for recall, such as images that contained people, buildings, flowers, and animals. The categorizing cells were found in the hippocampus, an area of the brain that processes sensory information into memor

97、y. In the experiment each monkey was shown one clip art picture, and after a delay of one to 30 seconds, picked the original out of two to six different images to get a juice reward.By recording cell activity during hundreds of these trials in which the pictures were all different, the researchers n

98、oticed that certain cells were more active when the pictures contained similar features, such as images of peoplebut not other objects. They found that different cells coded images that fitted different categories. The category cells grouped images based on common featuresa strategy to improve memor

99、y. For example, the same cell responded to both tulips and daisies because they are both flowers.“While such categorization is a highly efficient memory process, it may also have a downside,” said Deadwyler PhD. “When the trials included more than one picture with people in it, instead of different

100、images, the monkeys often confused the image with a picture of other people.” So learning more about how the brain remembers could have far-reaching benefits. “If we can understand in advance how the brain works when decisions are made, we can predict when the brain will make a mistake, and correct

101、it,” said Tim Pons, PhD. “This finding about how large amounts of information are processed by the brain will help us to ultimately achieve that goal.”9. The purpose of the experiments on monkeys is to find out .A.how the brain processes amounts of information into memoryB.the area of the brain that

102、 processes sensory information into memoryC.how the monkeys respond to different thingsD.what the monkeys most likely remember10. The research indicates numerous information can be remembered more easily by .A.remembering the detailsB.separating it into categoriesC.showing a lot of picturesD.remembe

103、ring all features11. According to the research, which of the following images may confuse the monkeys?A.Books, toys and cars.B.Plants, animals and people.C.Tulips, daisies and roses.D.People, buildings and flowers.12.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Further study on how the brain remember

104、s has more benefits.B.Categorization is the best way to improve memory.C.We can predict when the brain will make a mistake.D.How the brain remembers has been found out.【答案】9. A 10. B 11. C 12. A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过对猴子做实验来研究大脑如何进行记忆。科学家指出,进一步研究大脑如何进行记忆会有更多的好处。9.A细节理解题。根据第一段“New research in monke

105、ys may provide a clue about how the brain manages vast amounts of information and remembers what it needs.”可知,对猴子的新研究或许可以为大脑如何管理大量信息和记住它所需要的东西提供线索。故选A项。10.B细节理解题。根据第四段“While such categorization is a highly efficient memory process, it may also have a downside, said Deadwyler PhD.”可知,研究表明分类记忆可使大量的信息更

106、容易被记住。故选B项。11.C推理判断题。根据最后一段“When the trials included more than one picture with people in it, instead of different images, the monkeys often confused the image with a picture of other people.” 可知,当实验中包含了多个人的图片而不是不同的图片时,猴子经常混淆不同人之间的图片。据此推断,猴子分不清同类事物。C项“郁金香、雏菊和玫瑰”都是花,故选C项。12.A细节理解题。根据最后一段“So learning

107、more about how the brain remembers could have far-reaching benefits.”可知,进一步研究大脑如何进行记忆会有更多的好处。故选A项。 DFrederic Mishkin, whos been a professor at Columbia Business School for almost 30 years, is good at solving problems and expressing ideas. Whether hes standing in front of a lecture hall or engaged in

108、 a casual conversation, his hands are always waving and pointing. When he was in graduate school, one of his professors was so annoyed by this constant gesturing that he made the young economist sit on his hands whenever he visited the professors office. It turns out, however, that Mishkins professo

109、r had it exactly wrong. Gesture doesnt prevent but promotes clear thought and speech. Research demonstrates that the movements we make with our hands when we talk form a kind of second language, adding information thats absent from our words. Its learnings secret code: Gesture reveals what we know.

110、It reveals what we dont know. Whats more, the agreement (or lack of agreement) between what our voices say and how our hands move offers a clue to our readiness to learn. Many of the studies establishing the importance of gesture to learning have been conducted by Susan Goldin-Meadow, a professor of

111、 psychology at the University of Chicago. “We change our minds by moving our hands,” writes Goldin-Meadow in a review of this work. Particularly significant are what she calls “mismatches” between oral expression and physical gestures. A student might say that a heavier ball falls faster than a ligh

112、t one, for example, but make a gesture indicating that they fall at the same rate, which is correct. Such differences indicate that were moving from one level of understanding to another. The thoughts expressed by hand motions are often our newest and most advanced ideas about the problem were worki

113、ng on; we cant yet absorb these concepts into language, but we can capture them in movement. Goldin-Meadows more recent work strews not only that gesture shows our readiness to learn, but that it actually helps to bring learning about. It does so in two ways. First, it elicits (引出) helpful behavior

114、from others around us. Goldin-Meadow has found that adults respond to childrens speech-gesture mismatches by adjusting their way of instruction. Parents and teachers apparently receive the signal that children are ready to learn, and they act on it by offering a greater variety of problem-solving te

115、chniques. The act of gesturing itself also seems to quicken learning, bringing new knowledge into consciousness and aiding the understanding of new concepts. A 2007 study by Susan Wagner Cook, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Iowa, reported that third-graders who were asked

116、to gesture while learning algebra (代数) were nearly three times more likely to remember what theyd learned than classmates who did not gesture.13. According to Paragraph 1, Frederic Mishkin was asked to sit on his hands because _.A. he could litter express his ideas that wayB. he always pointed his f

117、inger at his professorC. his professor did not like his gesturingD. his gestures prevented his professor from thinking14. How is gesturing important in acquiring knowledge?A. It draws tasteful responses from others and increases learning speed.B. It promotes second language learning and quickens thi

118、nkingC. It provides significant clues for solving academic problems.D. It reduces students reliance on teachers instruction.15. What can be inferred from the passage about gesture-speech mismatches?A. They can stimulate our creativity.B. Instructors should make full use of them.C. Teachers can hardl

119、y explain new concepts without them.D. They serve as a stepping stone to solving real life problems.16. What could be the best title of the passage?A. Hand Motions, a Second LanguageB. Gesturing: Signal of UnderstandingC. New Uses of GesturingD. The Secret Code of Learning【答案】13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D

120、【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了手势是如何在学习中发挥作用的。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的When he was in graduate school, one of his professors was so annoyed by this constant gesturing that he made the young economist sit on his hands whenever he visited the professors office.（当他还在读研的时候，他的一位教授对这种不断的打手势很是恼火，以至于每当他去教授的办公室时，那位教授总是让这位年轻的经

121、济学家坐着不动）可知，弗雷德里克米什金被要求坐着不动，因为他的教授不喜欢他不断的作手势。故选C。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Goldin-Meadow has found that adults respond to childrens speech-gesture mismatches by adjusting their way of instruction. Parents and teachers apparently receive the signal that children are ready to learn, and they act on it by of

122、fering a greater variety of problem-solving techniques. The act of gesturing itself also seems to quicken learning, bringing new knowledge into consciousness and aiding the understanding of new concepts.（戈尔丁-戈尔丁-梅多发现，成年人通过调整他们的教学方式来应对孩子的言语姿势不匹配。家长和老师显然收到了孩子准备学习的信号，他们通过提供多种多样的解决问题的技巧来对此采取行动。手势本身似乎也能加

123、速学习，将新知识带入意识，帮助理解新概念）可知，在获取知识的过程中，打手势很重要，它能从别人那里得到有品位的回应，提高学习速度。故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Goldin-Meadow has found that adults respond to childrens speech-gesture mismatches by adjusting their way of instruction.（戈尔丁-梅多发现，成年人通过调整他们的教学方式来应对孩子的言语姿势不匹配。家长和老师显然收到了孩子准备学习的信号）可推知，戈尔丁发现，成人通过调整他们的教学方式对孩子的语言姿势错

124、配做出反应，即教师应该充分利用这些手势。故选B。【16题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段中的Its learnings secret code: Gesture reveals what we know. It reveals what we dont know. Whats more, the agreement (or lack of agreement) between what our voices say and how our hands move offers a clue to our readiness to learn.（它是学习的密码：手势揭示我们所知道的。它揭示了我们所不知

125、道的。更重要的是，我们的声音和我们的手如何移动之间的一致性(或缺乏一致性)为我们准备学习提供了线索）可知，本文主要介绍了手势是如何在学习中发挥作用的，它是学习的密码。由此可知，D项The Secret Code of Learning（学习密码）适合做本文最佳标题。故选D。实战演练 Reading Comprehension A5G, the fifth generation of wireless, promises lightning-fast download speeds and could lay the foundation for high-tech advancements l

126、ike self-driving cars. But like many new technologies, its causing concern about potential health issues.The first generation of wireless introduced mobile phones, and 2G brought texting. 3G laid the groundwork for smartphones, and 4G allowed video streaming and more. 5G is expected to download data

127、 20 times faster than its predecessor (前任), and some experts argue it could be much faster.Too much of a good thing?Its not just about streaming data faster, its about streaming more of it. On a 5G network, a user can download a movie instantly, and data will flow between connected objects without d

128、elay. The amount of data people use on mobile devices has gone up 40 times since 2010 and is only expected to increase. 5G networks are wireless companies attempts to satisfy that demand.Uncertain effectsThe untested nature of 5G, and the extensiveness of its infrastructure (基础设施), has some worried

129、that the increased exposure could have serious health effects.Wireless safety advocates (倡议人士) have called for more studies on the effects of the exposure, and one group is trying to stop the installment of 5G networks in Chicagos neighborhoods.The federal government has safety rules that wireless c

130、ompanies must obey that limit human exposure to radio waves, including frequencies used with 5G.Wireless industry association CTIA says typical exposure to 5G infrastructure is comparable to Bluetooth devices and baby monitors, and there is no scientific evidence of negative health effects.Still, as

131、surances from government agencies and industry operators are not enough for Chicago resident Judy Blake. Additional studies on 5Gs health impacts likely wouldnt soothe her either. She said, “People cant choose whether or not to be exposed to this radiation.” “I dont need another test. The only test

132、thats going to happen now is peoples lives, ”said Blake, 67.Only time will tell?Though little is known about the long-term health impact of the millimeter waves that 5G operates on, some research has shown short-term exposure could be problematic, said Joel Moskowitz, a public health expert at the U

133、niversity of California at Berkeley.The eyes and sweat glands (腺体) are among several body parts studies have shown could be at risk, Moskowitz said. Insects and plant life could also be affected, he added.The millimeter waves used in 5G are absorbed by the upper layers of skin, potentially causing t

134、he temperature of the skin to rise, said Suresh Borkar, senior lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology. The effects of extended rises in skin temperature “become a big unknown,” he said. This isnt the first time people will come into

135、contact with millimeter waves: Theyre also used in airport body scanners, said Lav Varshney, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Still, its the first time the high-frequency waves will be used on such a scale, and concerns sur

136、rounding new technologies are common throughout history.“When cars first started replacing horse-drawn carriages, people were afraid of what the health impacts of traveling at high speeds would be,” Varshney said. “There has always been occurrence of this fear.”1. Which of the following is TRUE acco

137、rding to the passage?A. 5G is faster but not safe to human beings.B. 5G features faster and more in transferring.C. 5G can meet peoples any demand in theory.D. 5G just makes little impact on peoples health.2.What can be inferred from the passage?A. Millimeter waves certainly affect peoples health se

138、riously.B. Millimeter waves will cause the skins temperature to rise.C. Its obvious that many scientists object to 5G technology.D. Its hard to say whether millimeter waves do damage to health.3. The word soothe in the last but 7 paragraphs most probably means _.A. to make somebody feel calm or less

139、 worried.B. to make somebody feel happy or more excited.C. to make somebody feel disappointed or less satisfactory.D. to make somebody feel inspired or more energetic.4.The best title for this passage is _.A. 5Gs Advantages and DisadvantagesB. The Development of WirelessC. 5G Health ConcernD. 5G Fut

140、ure Prediction答案：BDAC【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了5G以及人们对5G网络是否会影响健康问题发表了看法。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中5G, the fifth generation of wireless, promises lightning-fast download speeds and could lay foundation for high-tech advancements like self-driving cars. 第五代无线网络5G承诺闪电般的下载速度，并可能为自动驾驶汽车等高科技进步奠定基础。可知5G网络会更快、更便捷。第二段中5G is

141、 expected to download data 20 times faster than its predessor，and some experts argue it could be much faster. 5G下载数据的速度预计将比其前任快20倍，一些专家认为它可能会快得多。可知5G的特点是传输更快、更便捷。故选B项。【2题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中This isnt the first time people will come into contact with millimeter waves: Theyre also used in airport body sc

142、anners, said Lav Varshney, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Still, its the first time the high- frequency waves will he used on such a scale, and concerns surrounding new technologies are common throughout history. 伊利诺伊大学厄巴

143、纳-香槟分校的电子与计算机工程助理教授拉夫瓦什尼说，这并不是人们第一次接触毫米波：机场的人体扫描仪也使用毫米波。尽管如此，这是他第一次如此大规模地使用高频电波，历史上人们对新技术的担忧也是屡见不鲜。可知，对于毫米波对人类健康的影响其实还没有明确的证据，很难说是否对身体有害。故选D项。【3题详解】词义猜测题。根据本段中Still, assurances from government agencies and industry operators are not enough for Chicago resident Judy Blake. She said, “People cant choo

144、se whether or not to be exposed to this radiation.”不过，政府机构和行业运营商的保证对芝加哥居民朱迪布莱克来说还不够。她说，“人们不能选择是否暴露在这种辐射下。” 以及下一句“I dont need another test. The only test thats going to happen now is peoples lives,” said Blake, 67.“我不需要再做一次检查。现在唯一的考验就是人们的生活。”67岁的布莱克说。可知，布莱克所说的话是表达她的担忧和不安，因此soothe应该是“使某人感到平静或不那么担心。”故选

145、A项。【4题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句But like many new technologies, its causing concern about potential health issues. 但与许多新技术一样，它也引发了人们对潜在健康问题的担忧。以及最后一段中“When cars first started replacing horse-drawn carriages, people were afraid of what the health impacts of traveling at high speeds would be,” Varshney said.

146、“There has always been occurrence of this fear.” 瓦尔什尼说:“当汽车刚开始取代马车的时候，人们担心高速行驶会对健康造成什么影响。”“这种恐惧总是会发生。”可知，本文的中心是围绕5G是否对人类健康有影响的担忧展开的，最佳标题应该是“5 G的健康担忧”。故选C项。( B )Learning a second language is tricky at any age (and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book). Now, in a new

147、 study, scientists have pinpointed the exact age at which your chances of reaching fluency in a second language seem to plummet: 10.The study, published in the journal Cognition, found that its “nearly impossible” for language learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second to

148、ngue after 10. But that doesnt seem to be because language skills go downhill. “It turns out youre still learning fast. Its just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of ps

149、ychology at Boston College. Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons. Childrens brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning theyre better able to adapt and respond to new information. “All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and childre

150、ns brains seem to be a lot more skilled at changing.”Kids may also be more willing to try new things (and to potentially look foolish in the process) than adults are. Their comparatively new grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous. Unlike adults, who tend to default (默认) to the rules a

151、nd patterns of their first language, kids may be able to approach a new one with a blank slate (石板).These findings may seem discouraging, but it was heartening for scientists to learn that the critical period for fluent language acquisition might be longer than they previously thought. Some scientis

152、ts believed that the brief window closes shortly after birth, while others stretched it only to early adolescence. Compared to those estimates, 17 or 18 when language learning ability starts to drop off seems relatively old.“People fared better when they learned by immersion (沉浸), rather than simply

153、 in a classroom. And moving to a place where your desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult. If thats not an option, you can mimic an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers in their own communities,” Hartshorne says. By doing so, its po

154、ssible to become conversationally proficient even without the advantage of a childs brain. 5.The word “plummet” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “_”.A. plungeB. riseC. endD. vary6.What can be inferred from Joshua Hartshornes words?A. Age 10-18 is the best time to learn a second language.B. Ch

155、ildren are too young to grasp a second language.C. Communicating with native speakers enables you to master all the language skills.D. Adults go beyond the critical period for learning a second language. 7.What might be the reason why adults cant reach native-level fluency in a second language?A. Ad

156、ults are less influenced by their mother tongues.B. Adults are only too willing to experience something awkward in the process.C. Adults spend more time responding to new information.D. Adults prefer an immersive environment to a classroom in learning a second language . 8.The passage is mainly abou

157、t _.A. the approaches to learning a second language B. the best age to learn a second languageC. why kids learn a second language more easily than adultsD. whether adults can learn a second language like their younger selves答案：63-66 ADCC【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为什么孩子比成年人学第二语言更容易。【5题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Learning

158、a second language is tricky at any age (and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book).”可知，学习第二语言在任何年龄段都是很难的（而且你等的时间越长就越难打开那本满是灰尘的法语书），因此此处承接等的时间越长，学习与研究会变的越难这一话题，说明随着年龄的增长，语言学习能力开始下降，此处说的是科学家们已经确定了你读第二语言流利程度下降的确切年龄：10岁，由此可知画线词词义为“下降”，故A项正确。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Its just

159、that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College.”可知，“这项研究的合著者、波士顿学院心理学助理教授乔舒亚哈特肖恩说：“只是你错过了最佳时期，因为你的学习能力在17或18岁左右就开始下降”，由此可知，人一旦到了十七八岁成年的时候就过了学习第二语言的关键

160、时期，故D项正确。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Childrens brains are more plastic than those of adults, theyre better able to adapt and respond to new information. ”可知，儿童的大脑比成人的大脑更具可塑性，他们能够更好地适应和应对新的信息，由此可知，成年人花更多的时间对新信息做出反应，这可能使他们学习第二语言不能达到母语的流利程度，故C项正确。【8题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第三段中的“Kids may be better than adults at le

161、arning new languages for many reasons.”可知，本文主要介绍了为什么孩子比成年人学第二语言更容易，故C项正确。(C)Getting active in midlife could be as good for you as starting young when it comes to reducing the risk of an early death, researchers have suggested. But experts say the study also shows that the benefits fade once exercise

162、 declines.“If you maintain an active lifestyle or participate in some sort of exercise from youth to middle age, you can reduce your risk for dying,” said Dr. Pedro Saint-Maurice, the lead author of the research. “If you are not active and you get to your 40s-50s and you decide to become active, you

163、 can still enjoy a lot of those benefits.”The study was based on data from more than 300,000 Americans aged 50-71 who undertook a questionnaire (问卷) in the late-1990s. They were asked to recall the extent of their moderate to vigorous leisure exercise at different stages of their life. Researchers t

164、hen used national records to track who died in the years up to the end of 2016. After taking into account factors including age, sex, smoking and diet, the team found that those who were exercising into middle age had a lower risk of death than those who had never carried out any leisure exercise. H

165、owever, when the team looked at different patterns in the way people were active over their life, it found a surprise.Men and women who started exercising at the age of 40-50 reduced their risk of death from any cause by about 35%. The benefit was similar to that seen for people who reached and main

166、tained similar activity from their teens or 20s onwards.However, the study found that the protective effect of exercise did not last forever. People whose levels of leisure exercise decreased by middle age had no difference in the risk of an early death to those who had always been couch potatoes. “

167、If you have been active and you slowly decrease your exercise participation as you age, you lose a lot of the benefits that we know are associated with exercise,” Saint-Maurice said.But the study has limitations, including that it is based on individuals recalling how active they were many years bef

168、ore. Whats more, the research looked only at death records, not other aspects of health such as levels of sickness and disease. Nonetheless, he said, the message was positive. “This adds to the growing body of evidence about the importance of physical activity and exercise across the life course, an

169、d indicates that it is never too late to start.”9. Which of the following is TRUE about the study?A. The study took about two decades to complete.B. The study involved around 30,000 elderly Americans.C. Questionnaires and interviews were the sources of data.D. The participants in the study took regu

170、lar physical exercise.10. According to the passage, what does “a surprise” (Para. 3) refer to?A. The earlier you exercise, the greater your health benefits will be.B. Participating in exercise from youth to middle age benefits ones health greatly.C. The benefit of getting active in midlife is simila

171、r to that of starting young.D. The benefits of exercising in midlife will decline once you stop exercising.11. It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. an active lifestyle will not necessarily bring positive health benefitsB. participants memories may affect the reliability of the study resultC

172、. people exercising from their teens can maintain health foreverD. women benefit more from vigorous exercise than men do12. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Exercise has its limitations, studies showB. Getting active when young, experts suggestC. Health benefits fade

173、with age, doctors warnD. Never too old to start, researchers say【答案】ACBD【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，中年时期锻炼起来可能和年轻开始一样有益，四五十岁开始锻炼仍然可以享受到很多好处。提出开始锻炼的时间永远都不晚。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中The study was based on data from more than 300,000 Americans aged 50 - 71 who undertook a questionnaire（问卷）in the late-1990s.这项研究基于30多万5

174、071岁的美国人的数据，他们在上世纪90年代末进行了一项问卷调查。以及Researchers then used national records to track who died in the years up to the end of 2016. 然后，研究人员利用国家记录追踪到2016年底的死亡人数。可知，这项研究花了大约20年时间才完成。故选A项。【10题详解】词义猜测题。根据第四段中The benefit was similar to that seen for people who reached and maintained similar activity from the

175、ir teens or 20s onwards. 这种益处与那些从十几岁或二十几岁就开始进行锻炼并保持类似活动的人所能看到的相似。由研究结果，可知，“a surprise”指的是在中年活动起来的好处与年轻时开始活动的好处相似。故选C项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中But the study has limitations, including that it is based on individuals recalling how active they were many years before. 但这项研究也有局限性，包括它是基于个人回忆他们多年前有多活跃。可知，从文章中可

176、以推断，参与者的记忆可能会影响研究结果的可靠性。故选B项。【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中Getting active in midlife could be as good for you as starting young when it comes to reducing the risk of an early death, researchers have suggested. 研究人员表示，在减少早逝风险方面，中年活跃起来可能和年轻开始一样有益。以及最后一段中“This adds to the growing body of evidence about the import

177、ance of physical activity and exercise across he life course, and indicates that it is never too late to start.”“越来越多的证据表明，体育活动和锻炼在人的一生中非常重要，这进一步证明了这一点，并表明无论何时开始都不晚。”通读全文，可知，本文主要是讲述了研究人员发现中年时期锻炼起来可能和年轻开始一样有益，四五十岁开始锻炼仍然可以享受到很多好处。开始锻炼的时间永远都不晚。因此本文的最佳标题“研究人员说，开始锻炼永远不晚”符合题意。故选D项。（D）Escaping predators (食

178、肉动物), digestion and other animal activitiesincluding those of humansrequire oxygen. But that essential ingredient is no longer so easy for marine life to obtain, several new studies reveal.In the past decade ocean oxygen levels have taken a divean alarming trend that is linked to climate change, say

179、s Andreas Oschlies, an oceanographer at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Germany, whose team tracks ocean oxygen levels worldwide. “We were surprised by the intensity of the changes we saw, how rapidly oxygen is going down in the ocean and how large the effects on marine ecosystems are,” h

180、e says. It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less signi

181、ficantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.A warming ocean loses oxygen for two reasons: First, the warmer a liquid becomes, the less gas it can hold. That is why carbonated drinks go flat faster when left in the sun. Second, as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water abov

182、e colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxyge

183、n by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. Climate change already poses serious problems for marine life, such as ocean acidification,

184、but deoxygenation is the most pressing issue facing sea animals today, Oschlies says. After all, he says, “they all have to breathe.”Aside from food web problems, animals face various other physiological challenges as their bodies adjust to lower oxygen levels. Chinese shrimp (虾) move their tails le

185、ss vigorously to preserve energy in lower oxygen environments. Some creatures, such as jellyfishes, are more tolerant of low oxygen than others are. But all animals will feel the impact of deoxygenation because they all have evolved their oxygen capacity for a reason, says Oschlies. “Any drop in oxy

186、gen is going to damage survivability and performance,” he says. 13. According to the first two paragraphs, what worries scientists the most?A. The worsening deoxygenation in the warming ocean. B. The survival of predators and various marine animals.C. The alarmingly changeable oxygen levels in the o

187、cean. D. The lack of attention to the warming of tropical oceans.14. Which of the following is a reason for the oxygen loss in the ocean?A. Polar ice melting consumes much oxygen in the ocean.B. Global warming reduces the amount of oxygen in the air. C. The surface polar ice water prevents oxygen go

188、ing down.D. Salty water holds less gas in the increasingly warmer ocean.15. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Ocean deoxygenation changes some animals natural territories.B. Ocean acidification is more serious a problem than deoxygenation.C. Not all ocean animals are bothered by the decreasin

189、g oxygen levels.D. Some animals reduce their movements in order to absorb more oxygen.16. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Oxygen Levels of Marine LifeB. Ocean Warming Affects Food WebC. The Survivability of Ocean AnimalsD. The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath答案： ACAD解析：

190、这是一篇说明文。短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势。文章还介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。【13题详解】细节理解题。由第二段“It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 perc

191、ent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.”可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降幅较小，全球平均降幅为2%。所以根据前两段，科学家最担心的是变暖的海洋中日益恶化的脱氧现象。故A选项正确。【14题详解】细节理解

192、题。由第三段“ as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.”可知，当极地海冰融化时，它会在更

193、冷、更咸的海水上形成一层水。这个过程会形成一种冰盖，它可以防止水流将地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因为所有的氧气都进入了表面，所以较少的与海洋水的混合意味着更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的极地冰水阻止氧气下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故C选项正确。【15题详解】推理判断题。由倒数第二段“Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies an

194、d others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. ”可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在领域的其他人发现，无论大小，海洋动物对氧气的微小变化都有反应，它们在较高的含氧区寻求庇护，或是调整行为。这些调整可能使动物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它们进入食物匮乏的地区。所以海洋中氧含量减少迫使动物离开自己的栖息地，去氧气含量较高的地区寻求庇护。故判断出海洋脱氧改变了一些动物的自然领地。故A选项正确。【16题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。所以短文主要是围绕着海洋氧含量下降而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为“海洋快喘不过气来了”符合题意。故D选项正确。