[25458789]高考英语阅读理解之主干分析法.doc

1、高考英语阅读理解之主干分析法主干分析法删繁就简，一眼看穿文章长句难句要读懂文章，考纲所要求的词汇是必须掌握的。但过了词汇关之后，阅读是不是就没有问题了呢？当然不是！因为英语和汉语的句子结构是不一样的。所以说，在攻克词汇关后，我们才面临英语阅读中的第一个真正难题长难句！可以说，长难句的理解是制约高考阅读理解的一个重要瓶颈。攻克了长难句，你的阅读能力将会提升一大截。长难句之所以难以理解，最主要原因是句子结构复杂，含有很多修饰成分。所以简化句子是理解长难句的关键。下面就是简化句子时需要注意的几个主要方面： 剥掉复杂句子外衣去掉“介词名词/代词/动名词”介词是英语中常见的词类，常接名词、代词或动名词构

2、成介词短语。介词短语在句子中作表语，和系动词构成系表结构时一般不可去掉；作其他成分时，一般可以去掉。因此，当遇到包含介词短语的复杂句子时，只要介词短语不作句子的表语，就可以优先去掉。下面以常见的介词in构成的介词短语为例：1.He is the best teacher in our school.He is the best teacher.2.The girl in red is Amy，who turns out to be one of my old classmates.The girl is Amy，who turns out to be one of my old classma

3、tes. 剥掉复杂句子外衣去掉副词副词一般表示动作或者状态的程度或者频率，所以在不影响句子意思的情况下，把副词去掉。为了更清楚地讲解如何通过去掉副词简化句子，我们根据不同的副词形式进行说明。1.去掉以-ly结尾的副词带-ly的副词一般由形容词后加-ly构成，它们能够生动地描述动作的状态，使得整个句子更加鲜活，为了将句子主干了解透彻，这些细节信息可以暂时忽略。I desperately need water.I need water.He suddenly turned around and scared me.He turned around and scared me.He walked s

4、lowly after having supper.He walked after having supper.注意：以-ly结尾的否定副词如hardly，rarely等不能去掉。2.去掉其他形式的副词(1)时间副词：如now，then，often，always，already，ever，never，yesterday等(2)地点副词：如here，there，in，out，near，off，past，up，away等(3)程度副词：如much，little，very，rather(相当)，so，too，still，quite等He often helps the poor.He helps t

5、he poor.The apple is very delicious.The apple is delicious.剥掉复杂句子外衣去掉非谓语动词非谓语动词中的不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)作定语、状语和补足语时一般可以临时去掉。1.This is the best way to work out this problem.This is the best way.2.They went to the park，singing and talking.They went to the park.3.Those selected as committee members will atte

6、nd the meeting.Those will attend the meeting. 剥掉复杂句子外衣去掉定语从句和状语从句1.定语从句通俗来讲就是从句在整个句子中作定语，这个从句就叫做定语从句。即从句在主句中充当定语成分，因此多数情况下可以临时去掉。They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.They rushed over to help the man.2.状语从句即在句子中作状语的从句，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果等，这些从句在简化句子时可以临时去掉。I want to teach English in

7、 the countryside after I graduate from college.I want to teach English in the countryside. 剥掉复杂句子外衣找出连词“and”不要小瞧and这个词。一个and常会把本来很简单的句子变得很长，使句子看上去很复杂。要简化and连接的并列句，关键是要找出and前后到底是哪两部分有并列关系。句子中，and连接的最常见的结构有以下几种：andthat从句，and to do，and doing，and do。阅读时，只要找出and后面的结构，很快就可以根据平行并列结构，找到前面对应的部分，然后从and这个地方将句子

8、断开，这样我们就可以很清晰地把握and前后两层的意思了。My friends have more to do with my life than my parents and，therefore，I dont have to spend a lot of time explaining things to them.先找到连词and，然后把这个长难句拆成两个句子：My friends have more to do with my life than my parents.I dont have to spend a lot of time explaining things to them.

9、示例利用以上微技能做以下题目(2018全国卷阅读D).To figure out how much power these devices are using，Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its lifefrom when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device

10、.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation.Desktop computers，basic mobile phones，and box-set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players，smart phones，and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002，

11、before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.33.Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A.To reduce the cost of minerals.B.To test the life cycle of a product.C.To update consumers on new technology.D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices.分析：本题根据关键词很容易定位到原文第二段第一句：本句是长难句，共47个单词，为了更好

12、地理解这句话，我们可以化繁为简，找出句子的主干。To figure out how much power these devices are using，Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its lifefrom when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.去掉

13、不定式目的状语：To figure out how much power these devices are using；去掉介词短语：at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York；去掉介词短语：for each product throughout its life；去掉介词短语：from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.句子主干：Callie Babbitt and her colleagues tracked the environment

14、al costs.结合问题可知Babbitt和她的团队进行这项研究的目的是计算这些设备的用电量。故选D。课后练习（一）An unconventional new initiative(首创) in Canada will soon allow doctors to prescribe art to their patientsby giving them free access to a local museum.Wandering through the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts(MMFA),these patients and their loved one

15、s will be able to feast their eyes on the peaceful collections of art.The initiative is the first of its kind in the world.And while you certainly cant replace a conventional treatment with a couple of paintings,the idea is for such “prescriptions” to assist a persons current treatment plan.Under th

16、e new program,members of the Francophone Association of Doctors in Canada(FADC) will be able to hand out up to 50 prescriptions for their patients.These prescriptions will be available for those with a wide range of mental and physical illnesses,and each of them will allow two adults and two childre

17、n to visit the museum for free.“By offering free admission to a safe,welcoming place,a relaxing experience,a moment of relief,and an opportunity to strengthen ties with loved ones,MMFA-FADC Museum Prescriptions contribute to the patients well-being and recovery,” explains a news conference from the

18、MMFA.It may look a lot like a marketing effort for the museum but theres also increasing evidence that the display of visual art,especially if its showing nature,can have positive effects on health outcomes.In some ways,the benefits of looking at art appear a little similar to physical activity.A sy

19、stematic review of clinical art therapy(疗法) found that visual art has significant and positive effects on depression,anxiety,mood,and self-esteem.Findings like these are slowly gaining attraction in the medical community,making artwork a higher priority(优先) in hospitals around the world.In the US,ne

20、arly half of all health care institutions have reported including art in health care programming,such as art therapy and the placement of visual art in hospitals.With spaces dedicated(专用的) to art therapy and also a medical consultation room,the MMFA already provides services for people with mental h

21、ealth issues,eating disorders,and Alzheimers disease,just to name a few.1.How will some Canadian doctors treat their patients?A.Introducing fine arts to their patients.B.Feasting them in a peaceful and welcoming place.C.Keeping them company in the Montreal Museum.D.Giving them access to a local muse

22、um for free.2.MMFA thinks the new initiative in Canada can be .A.a help with patients recoveryB.a chance to make friendsC.the best option for the treatment planD.a substitute for conventional treatment3.Why does the museum join in the program?A.To make visual art known to the public.B.To promote the

23、 museum into market.C.To strengthen ties with doctors.D.To advance the science of medicine.4.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Fine arts will take the place of medicine.B.Artists rarely suffer from some mental diseases.C.More than 50 prescriptions are available for patients.D.Art will be inc

24、luded in Canadian doctors prescriptions.参考答案：DABD（二）The ancient city of Chichen Itza in southern Mexico was one of the most powerful cities and one of the most powerful ancient culturesthe Maya.But today,no one lives there.It is only a group of old buildings.However,people from around the world stil

25、l come to see it.People come to learn about its ancient culture,the culture of the Mayan people.The Mayan culture began almost 3,000 years ago and grew in parts of Central America.But about 1,000 years ago a group called the Itza invaded the city and built new parts of the city based on natural well

26、s.They named the city Chichen Itza,which means “mouth of the well of the Itza”.The most interesting structure in Chichen Itza is the Pyramid of Kukulcan (库库尔坎金字塔),whose four sides all come together at one point at the top.Each side on the Pyramid of Kukulcan has 91 steps.And there is one more step a

27、t the top of the pyramid.The steps are as many as the days of a year.Some experts believe the Maya could have used this building to help them know when to plant crops.Each day the sun falls on a different step of the pyramid,which could be a way to follow the year.The people of Chichen Itza especial

28、ly designed one building to observe and study the movement of the stars and planets.Experts say that the observatory (天文台) is one of the most complex structures the Maya built.A set of steps go up and around the observatory tower.And there are windows in the tower.Each window has a purpose.Experts b

29、elieve that a person looking through one of these windows can see particular stars on particular dates.The Maya might have believed that studying the stars could tell them the future.Chichen Itza is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an important part of the worlds history.Get interested?Then pay

30、a visit to it to find more!1.Visitors came to the city of Chichen Itza to .A.view its beautiful sceneryB.experience and explore the Mayan cultureC.study and observe other stars on the observatoryD.learn something about when to plant crops2.Why did the invaders name the city “mouth of the well of the

31、 Itza”?A.Because wells can be seen in or around the city.B.Because it is large in size.C.Because the city is newly built.D.Because its location is vital.3.Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage?A.To evaluate the Mayan culture.B.To persuade readers to pay a visit.C.To introduce the ancient

32、 city of Chichen Itza.D.To present the development of the Mayan construction.参考答案：BAB（三）Not long ago,people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life.Scientists note that b

33、abies are strongly influenced by their environment.They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes.A baby learns to get the best care by smiling to please her mother or other caregivers.This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.One study shows

34、 that babies can learn before they are born.The researchers placed a tape recorder on the stomach of a pregnant woman.Then,they played a recording of a short story.On the day the baby was born,the researchers attempted to find if he knew the sounds of the story repeated while in his mother.They did

35、this by placing a device in the mouth of the newborn baby.The baby would hear the story if he moved his mouth one way.If the baby moved his mouth the other way,he would hear a different story.The researchers said the baby clearly liked the story he heard before he was born.They said the baby would m

36、ove his mouth so he could hear the story again and again.Another study shows how mothers can strongly influence social development and language skills of their children.Researchers studied the children from the age of one month to three years.The researchers attempted to measure the sensitivity of t

37、he mothers.The women were considered sensitive if they supported their childrens activities and did not interfere(干预) unnecessarily.They tested the children for thinking and language development when they were three years old.Also,the researchers observed the women for signs of depression.The childr

38、en of depressed women did not do as well in tests as the children of women who did not suffer from depression.The children of depressed women did poorly in tests of language skills and understanding what they heard.These children also were less cooperative and had more problems dealing with other pe

39、ople.The researchers noted that the sensitivity of mothers was important to the intelligence development of their children.Children did better when their mothers were caring,even when they suffered from depression.1.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT the factor that influences in

40、telligence development in babies?A.The environment.B.Their peers.C.Mothers sensitivity.D.Education before birth.2.What is the purpose of the experiment in which newborn babies heard the stories?A.To prove that babies can learn on the first day they are born.B.To show mothers can strongly influence i

41、ntelligence development of their babies.C.To indicate early education has a deep effect on the babies language skills.D.To prove that babies can learn before they are born.3.Which group of children did worst in tests of language skills?A.The children of women who did not suffer from depression.B.The

42、 children of depressed but caring mothers.C.The children of depressed mothers who cared little for their children.D.The children with high communication abilities.4.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Scientific findings about how intelligence develops in babies.B.Scientific findings about how babies develop before birth.C.Scientific findings about how time has an effect on babies intelligence.D.A study shows babies are not able to learn things until they are five or six months old.参考答案：BDCA