人教2016届高三英语大一轮复习《话题一 科普热点 第二节》文档.docx

1、第二节真题精练5年真题拓展训练(1)真题深度阅读训练Step One真题体验(2013新课标全国阅读理解B)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉)Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and rep

2、laces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the nu

3、mber two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness？When slightly older babies

4、 were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on

5、a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and

6、moved to spots.60The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the babys .Asense of hearing Bsense of sightCsense of touch Dsense of smell答案B解析推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，刚刚出生的孩子对于两个和三个斑点的卡片反应不同，可知是对孩子视觉的测验。61Babies are sensitive to the change in .Athe size of cards Bthe colour of picturesCthe shape of

7、patterns Dthe number of objects答案D解析细节理解题。由第一段第六句可知，随着卡片上黑点数量的变化，婴儿的注视也发生变化，表明婴儿对于数量的变化比较敏感。故选D项。62Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?ATo reduce the difficulty of the experiment.BTo see how babies recognize sounds.CTo carry their experiment further.DTo keep the babies interest.答案

8、C解析推理判断题。根据文章最后两句“The effect even crosses between senses.”可知，研究人员在移动不同数量的斑点的同时，加入鼓声，以进一步验证孩子的反应，故答案为C项。63Where does this text probably come from?AScience fiction. BChildrens literature.CAn advertisement. DA science report.答案D解析文章出处题。通读全文可知本文是一篇科学报道。science fiction科幻小说；childrens literature儿童文学；an adv

9、ertisement广告。Step Two找出信息句学会分析1(61题信息句)As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze (凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.分析：until连接时间状语从句；主句中含有as引导的状语从句；a third是until从句的主语，后省略了名词card；介词短语with three black spots作非限制性定语，修饰a third。翻译：随着这两张卡片反复地变换，她的注意力开始转移

10、直到给她看到了第三张，一张带有三个黑点的卡片。2(62题信息句)Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.分析：who引导定语从句，此从句修饰先行词babies；than引导比较状语从句，连接两个时间状语从句when they

11、then heard three drumbeats和when they heard just two。翻译：不断地被出示两个点卡片的婴儿，听到三声鼓声的时候会比听到两声的时候更激动；当研究人员先放鼓声，再改变点的数量的情况时，结果同样如此。Step Three深度阅读与拓展训练任务型阅读篇章结构Step Four知识积累1stare at盯着；凝视2remove移走；拿开3replace.by.用取代4focus注意；焦点5as long as和一样长；只要6previous先前的7be different from.和不一样8prefer.to.与相比更喜欢9the number of 的

12、数目10as opposed to与对照之下；而非11pay more attention to更注意12start with.以开始真题精选对应训练(2013浙江阅读理解C)The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby.Almost from the moment it is born，the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother.During the first few days of its life the baby

13、will approach and hold onto almost any large，warm，and soft object in its environment，particularly if that object also gives it milk.After a week or so，however，the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother”the real mother or the mothersubstitute(母亲替代物)During the firs

14、t two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的) thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby.The Harlows，a couple who are both psychologists，discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mothersubstitutesone covered with cloth and one ma

15、de of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature，the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother.However，if the wire model was heated，while the cloth model was cool，for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mothersubstitutes as their f

16、avorites.Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.Why is cloth preferable to bare wire？Something that the Harlows called contact(接触) comfort seems to be the answer，and a most powerful influence it is.Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing agai

17、nst their mothers skins，putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can.Whenever the young animal is frightened，disturbed，or annoyed，it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body.Wire doesnt “rub” as well as does soft cloth.Prolonged (长时间的) “contact comfort” w

18、ith a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.According to the Harlows，the basic quality of a babys love for its mother is trust.If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother，the baby ignores the toys no

19、matter how interesting they might be.It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball.If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom，the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life.After a few minutes of contact comfort，it obviously begins to feel more secure.It then climbs

20、down from the mothersubstitute and begins to explore the toys，but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱) as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well.Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and l

21、ess time holding onto its “mother.”50Psychologically，what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?AWarmth. BMilk.CContact. DTrust.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的) thing that a monkey mot

22、her has to give to its baby.”可知。考生易误选B项，但题目要求是Psychologically(就心理而言)，milk就不对了。51After the first two weeks of their life，baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is .Alarger in sizeBcloser to themCless frightening and less disturbingDmore comfortable to rub against答案

23、D解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段第五句“Wire doesnt rub as well as does soft cloth.”知选D项。52What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”？AAttention. BSoftness.CConfidence. DInterest.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“.to give the babies confidence.”可知。53It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels

24、secure， .Ait frequently rushed back for a deep embrace when exploring the toysBit spends more time screaming to get rewardsCit is less attracted to the toys though they are interestingDit cares less about whether its mother is still around答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句可知。一旦小猴子感觉安全了，就很少再关心妈妈是否在周围了。54The mai

25、n purpose of the passage is to .Agive the reasons for the experimentBpresent the findings of the experimentCintroduce the method of the experimentDdescribe the process of the experiment答案B解析写作意图题。很显然此文就是为了给我们展示他们试验的结果。5年真题拓展训练(2)真题深度阅读训练Step One真题体验(2012新课标全国阅读理解B)Honey from the African forest is no

26、t only a kind of natural sugar，it is also delicious.Most people，and many animals，like eating it.However，the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it.Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa，though，peo

27、ple and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helpera little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey，but it does like the wax in the beehives(蜂房)The little bird cannot reach this wax，which is deep inside the beesnest.So，when it finds a suitable nest，i

28、t looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at t

29、he nest，the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Some of the honey，and the wax，always falls to the ground，and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax，but it is very determined in

30、 its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives，and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.60Why is it difficult to find a wild bees nest?AIts small in size.BI

31、ts hidden in trees.CIts covered with wax.DIts hard to recognize.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.”可知，野蜂窝难找是因为它通常都是隐藏在很高的树上。61What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA bee. BA bird.CA honey seeker. DA beekeeper.答案C解析词义猜测题。画线词

32、指的是前面的passing animals and people或the curious animal or person，这些动物或人都是来找蜂蜜的，故C项正确。62The honey guide is special in the way .Ait gets its foodBit goes to churchCit sings in the forestDit reaches into bees nests答案A解析推理判断题。这种蜂蜜向导的特殊之处就在于它们获得食物的方式与众不同。根据第二段的叙述可知，这种鸟以一种蜂蜡为食，但是这种蜂蜡在蜂窝的深处，它们够不到，于是它们便找来喜欢蜂蜜的

33、帮手相助。63What can be the best title for the text?AWild Bees BWax and HoneyCBeekeeping in Africa DHoneyLovers Helper答案D解析标题归纳题。本文主要讲述的是非洲森林里的一种奇特的动物一种蜂蜜向导，它们帮助喜爱蜂蜜的人或其他动物寻找蜂蜜，并得到自己想要的蜂蜡，D项既概括了全文主旨，又不失风趣，helper一词很传神。为了得到不同的食物，人、动物和鸟儿互相帮助，各取所需。Step Two找出信息句学会分析1(60题信息句)Often，these nests are high up in tr

34、ees，and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa，though，people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helpera little bird called a honey guide.分析：though 此处是副词，意思是“然而，可是”，表明前后两部分是转折关系。例如：He said he would come；he didnt，though.他说他来，可是并没有来。翻译：通常这些巢穴是高高地挂在树上的，很难找到它们。在非洲的部分地区，尽

35、管这样，人们和动物仍有一种奇怪的和意想不到的帮手：一只称为蜂蜜向导的小鸟。2(61题信息句)Once it has their attention，it flies through the forest，waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.分析：句子的主干是：it flies through the forest；once it has their attention是一个状语从句，表示条件，从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来；waiting from tim

36、e to time是现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随；as it leads them to the nest是一个时间状语从句。翻译：当吸引了他们的注意后，它便飞过森林，时不时地等待被它带领去蜂巢的好奇的动物或人类来蜜蜂的巢。Step Three深度阅读与拓展训练任务型阅读篇章结构任务型阅读阅读理解Read the article carefully and choose the best answer to each question.1How does the honey guide attract the attention of passing animals and people?AI

37、t has a loud cry.BIt flies in front of them.CIt finds bees nests.答案A2What does the honey guide do when it leads the animals or people to the nest?AIt flies without stopping.BIt constantly stops to wait for them.CIt flies impatiently.答案B3When does the honey guide get its share of beehives?AWhen it re

38、aches into the bees nest.BWhen some of the beehive falls to the ground.CWhen it smells the beeswax.答案B4What is the passage mainly about?AA bird that can help people and animals to find honey.BA bird that likes eating honey.CHow to get honey in the forest.答案AStep Four知识积累1high up在高处；社会地位高的人2actually实

39、际上；事实上3from time to time不时；有时4wait for等待5lead.to.领某人去某地6arrive at到达7fall to the ground落地；失败8determined坚决的；决定了的9effort努力；成就10from a long distance在远处真题精选对应训练(2013江苏阅读理解C)If a diver surfaces too quickly，he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen(氮) dissolved(溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reductio

40、n of pressure.The consequence，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint，is sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain，the consequence can be death.Other airbreathing animals also suffer this decompression(减压) sickness if they surface too fast：whales，for exam

41、ple.And so，long ago，did ichthyosaurs.That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone，and consequently weakens it，sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil(化石) bone

42、s that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthy

43、osaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.To this end，he and his colleagues traveled the worlds naturalhistory museums，looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started，he assumed that signs

44、 of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils，reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died，but not a single Triassic specime

45、n(标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an antidecompression means，they clearly did so quicklyand，most strangely，they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that

46、 suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles，both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.Triassic oceans，by contrast，were mercifully shark and croco

47、dilefree.In the Triassic，then，ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the Jurassic and Cretaceous，they were prey(猎物) as well as predatorand often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?AA twisted body.BA gradual decrease in blood supply.CA

48、 sudden release of nitrogen in blood.DA drop in blood pressure.答案A解析细节理解题。由第一段中a bent body 可知。62The purpose of Rothschilds study is to see .Ahow often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsBhow ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionCwhy ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesDwhen ichthyosaurs broke their bones答案B解析细节

49、理解题。由第三段第二句“What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.”可知。63Rothschilds finding stated in Paragraph 4 .Aconfirmed his assumptionBspeeded up his research processCdisagreed with his assumptionDchanged his research

50、 objectives答案C解析推理判断题。由第四段第二句“Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.”可知。64Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs .Afailed to evolve an antidecompression meansBgradually developed measures against the bendsCdied out because of large sharks and crocodilesDevolved an antidecompr

51、ession means but soon lost it答案A解析细节理解题。由第五段内容可知，Dr Rothschild并不认可鱼龙的抗减压进化途径，故A项正确。5年真题拓展训练(3)真题深度阅读训练Step One真题体验(2012新课标全国阅读理解D)Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimmin

52、g for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twink

53、le，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning，which can be stated as follows：Once we have learned something，additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue t

54、o practice such skills as swimming，bicycle riding，and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication

55、 tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school，because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination，though it may result in a passing grade，is not

56、a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming，a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination，but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning，on the other hand，is really necessary for ones future development.67What is the main id

57、ea of Paragraph 1?APeople remember well what they learned in childhood.BChildren have a better memory than grownups.CPoem reading is a good way to learn words.DStories for children are easy to remember.答案A解析段落大意题。第一段的第一句就是该段的主题句。成年人常常感到很吃惊，孩提时记住的东西，以后从来没有练习过却能记得那么好。故选A项。68The author explains the law

58、 of overlearning by .Apresenting research findingsBsetting down general rulesCmaking a comparisonDusing examples答案D解析细节理解题。文章用了很多的例子来支持所陈述的观点。比如第一段在陈述了观点之后列举了儿时学游泳、骑自行车、接球和击球、记住诗歌和童话故事等多个例子。69According to the author，being able to use multiplication tables is .Aa result of overlearningBa special case

59、 of crammingCa skill to deal with math problemsDa basic step towards advanced studies答案A解析推理判断题。文章的中心就是阐述overlearning“过度学习”。倒数第二段的乘法口诀表是作者列举的例子，举例是为了支持自己的论点，是论据，结合这一解题技巧可以帮助我们选择正确答案。当然根据本段的.because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.也能判断出答案。70What is the authors opinion on cram

60、ming?AIt leads to failure in college exams.BIts helpful only in a limited way.CIts possible to result in poor memory.DIt increases students learning interest.答案B解析观点态度题。作者在文章最后一段提到了cramming(突击学习)，陈述了对突击学习应付考试的看法。突击学习可能能应付考试但却不足以应付大学课程的学习，因为容易忘记，即它的作用是有限的。Step Two找出信息句学会分析1(67题信息句)Grownups are often

61、surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.分析：how引导介词by的宾语从句；they learned是一个定语从句，省略了关系代词that，在从句中作learned的宾语。翻译：成年人往往惊诧于为什么对于小时候学过的事情记得那么清楚，尽管之后再也没有进行任何的练习。2(69题信息句)The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule t

62、hat we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school，because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.分析：the general rule后的that从句是一个同位语从句，that不作成分，仅起连接作用；而the things后面的that从句是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the things，that在从句中作learn的宾语。翻译：对于我们在学校学到的东西很快就会忘记这个普遍的规律来说，乘法口诀表是一个例外，因为它们是我们在童年时期过度学

63、习的又一个结果。3(70题信息句)The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination，though it may result in a passing grade，is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.分析：why引导谓语explain的宾语从句，在从句中又含有一个though引导的让步状语从句。宾语从句完整的主干为：why cramming for an examination is not a satisfactory way to

64、learn a college course。翻译：过度学习的法则解释了为什么突击学习能让你在考试中及格，尽管这样，但对于学习大学课程又不是一个令人满意的方法。Step Three深度阅读与拓展训练任务型阅读篇章结构真题精选对应训练(2013北京阅读理解D)MultitaskingPeople who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once，a new research suggests.The findings，based on performances and selfevaluations b

65、y about 275 college students，indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity，but because they are easily distracted (分心) and cant focus on one activity.And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，” said David Sanbonmatsu，a psychologist at

66、the University of Utah.Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked，how good they thought they were at it，and how sensationseeking (寻求刺激) or impulsive(冲动) they were.They then evaluated the participants multitasking ability with a

67、 tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.Not surprisingly，the scientists said，most people thought they were better than average at multitasking，and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report usin

68、g a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once.But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test.They also were more likely to admit to sensationseeking and impulsive behavior，which connects with ho

69、w easily people get bored and distracted.“People multitask not because its going to lead to greater productivity，but because theyre distractible，and they get sucked into things that are not as important，”Sanbonmatsu said.Adam Gazzaley，a researcher at the University of California，San Francisco，who wa

70、s not a member of the research group，said one limitation of the study was that it couldnt find out whether people who start out less focused tend toward multitasking or whether peoples recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.The findings do suggest，however，why the

71、sensationseekers who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving.“People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations，”said Paul Atchley，another researcher not in the group.“This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though theyre dangerous.

72、”67The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask .Aseek high productivity constantlyBprefer handling different things when getting boredCare more focused when doing many things at a timeDhave the poorest results in doing various things at the same time答案D解析细节理解题。由文章第一段第三句“And t

73、hose people turn out to be the worst at handling different things.”及文章第三段第二句“But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test.”可知选D项。68When Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues conducted their research，they .Aassessed the multi

74、tasking ability of the studentsBevaluated the academic achievements of the studentsCanalyzed the effects of the participants tricky mental tasksDmeasured the changes of the students understanding ability答案A解析细节理解题。由文章第二段第二句“They then evaluated the participants multitasking ability with a tricky ment

75、al task that.”，可知他们评价学生的多项任务处理能力，而不是其他能力，故选A项。69According to Sanbonmatsu，people multitask because of their .Alimited power in calculationBinterests in doing things differentlyCinability to concentrate on one taskDimpulsive desire to try new things答案C解析细节理解题。文章第一段第二句及第四段知人们多项任务处理是因为他们不能专注于一项任务，故选C项。7

76、0From the last paragraph，we can learn that multitaskers usually .Adrive very skillfullyBgo in for difficult tasksCfail to react quickly to potential dangersDrefuse to explain the reasons for their behavior答案C解析推理判断题。由文章最后一段第二句“People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.”可知多项任务处理者们通常对潜在危险不能迅速作出反应。故选C项。