山东省淄博市沂源县中庄乡中学外研版高中英语必修五学案《MODULE 2》GRAMMAR.doc

1、高二英语必修五学案 Module 2 A job worth doing GrammarTeaching aims: To master the usage of Ving, V-ed and to do. Important and difficult points: Help the students make good use of Ving, V-ed and to do.动词-ed 形式的用法 动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。 一动词的-ed形式作表语 1-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 Eg: The students a

2、re fully prepared._ The land remained unexploited. _ Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. _- 比较：要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。 Eg: All the doors are locked.（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）_ All the doors were locked by the guard.（被动语态，表示动作）_ Peter the Great is buried here.（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）_

3、Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.（被动语态，表示动作）_ 2同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。 动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。 Eg: They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. _ At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved._ 注意：上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如please

4、d, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）只能被much修饰. Eg: These problems are very puzzling. _ We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. _ 二动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。1在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。 E

5、g: We found all the rivers seriously polluted. _ Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. _ He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. _ 2在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. _ Ill just get the

6、se dishes washed and then Ill come. _ 比较： 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 Eg: I couldnt get the car to start this morning. _ He got his sister to help him with his clothes._ Can you really get that old clock going again _ 动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 Eg: He raised his voice in order to make himself

7、 heard. _You should make your views known to the public._ 动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 Eg: They all went home, leaving all the work undone. _ The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night._ 3动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。Eg: With everything well arranged, he lef

8、t the office. _ She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books._ 三动词的-ed形式作定语 动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。 1前置定语：单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。Eg: A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. _ 2后置定语: 作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相

9、当于一个定语从句。 Eg: We have read many novels written by this author.（= that are written by this author） _ The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. (= which was attended by one thousand students) _ 3动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。 Eg: the risen

10、sun升起了的太 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen leaves 落 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 四动词的-ed形式作状语 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 1表示时间 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beauti

11、ful._（= When the city is seen from the tower.） Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library._（= After we had been shown the lab.） 注意：有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。 Eg: When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame._ Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. _ 2.

12、 表示原因 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Eg: Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .） _ Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (Because we were excited by.) _ 注意：为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 Eg: Though b

13、eaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. _Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. _ 3. 表示条件 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Eg: Heated, water changes into steam.（= If water is heated.）_ Given more time, he would be able to do better.（= If he was given more time .）_ Compared wit

14、h other professors, she was an excellent speaker. _ 4. 表示让步 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though, although引导的让步状语从句。 Eg: Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.（= Even if he was laughed by many people .）_Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder._ 5表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。 动词的-ed

15、形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 Eg: The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.（= and he was surrounded by the students）_ He went into the office, followed by some children. (= and he was followed by some children)_ She accepted the gift, deeply moved. _ 动词ing形式的用法1、-ing分词的构成-in

16、g分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式 完成式 主动形式 doing 主动形式 having done被动形式 being done 被动形式 having been done注意：-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。Eg: Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait._2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式：-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发

17、生的动作。Eg: Being a student, he was interested in books. _ Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations._3. -ing分词的被动式：-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：Eg: The question being discussed is very important. _Havi

18、ng been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking._注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。Eg: Your shoes need cleaning. = _ 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing分词的语法作用-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)ing分词（短语）作主语：Eg: Saying is easier than doing._在下面两种结构中，-in

19、g分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。Eg:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 Its a waste of time arguing about it._在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。Eg: There is no holding back the wheel of history. _2) -ing分词（短语）作表语：Eg: The problem is quite puzzling._3) -ing分词作宾语：ing分词作动词宾语。Eg: I suggest doin

20、g it in a different way.-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。Eg: I dont think it possible living in such a cold place._Do you consider it any good trying again? _-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。Eg: Im against inviting him to dinner. _此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, be responsible for（对负责）

21、, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thankfor（因而道谢）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害

22、怕）, be tired of（对厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做）, be interested in（对感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对感到羞愧）等等。注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。Eg: I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. What can prevent us (from) getting married? 另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against,

23、before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。Eg:He left ahead of time without saying a word._ On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy._4) -ing分词作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。Eg: reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车 sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室-ing分词短语作

24、定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。Eg: Who is the comrade standing by the door?_They lived in a house facing south. _ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。Eg: The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.5) -ing分词做状语：-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个

25、时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。Eg: While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. _ Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood._-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。Eg: Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. _ing分词短语作结果状语。Eg:His father died, leaving him a lot of money._She was so ang

26、ry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces._-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。Eg: They stood there for half an hour，watching the stars in the sky._ Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly._-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。Eg: Knowing all this, the

27、y made me pay for the damage. _注意：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：Eg: His hair became grey with the years passing. _Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window._6) -ing分词作补语：-ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, ob

28、serve, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。Eg: I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. _ Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop._-ing形式作状语,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。 Eg:Being a teacher, you should help your

29、students in every way.(原因) He died from a sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done.(结果) Seeing my parents waving in the crowd, I went running to them.(时间;方式) The students entered the classroom, following their English teacher.(伴随)动词不定式的用法1. 动词不定式各种形式有：一般式、完成式、不定式的进行式、不定式的完成进行式、不定式一般

30、式和完成式的被动语态。以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义： 1).在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式：如 easy, hard, difficult , tiresome, good, heavy, interesting等。 2). 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系时，可以用主动表示被动。 3). 在 too to 或 enough to 结构中，不定式主动表被动。 2. 不定式的否定式 不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加否定词 not 或 never 等。 3. 不定式短语 1). 疑问词 + 不定式 在 tell, show, teach, find out, decid

31、e, discuss, learn, ask, advise, remember, know 等动词后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”这一结构作其定语。 2).of/ for sb to do 当不定式作主语时，可以有自己的逻辑主语，指明动作的执行者。常常使用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语，但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时，需要用 of 来代替 for ，引出其逻辑主语。使用 of 的此类形容词有： kind, foolish, stupid, wise, nice, clever, silly, rude, careless, thoughtful 等。 二、动词不

32、定式充当各种句子成分的具体用法。 动词不定式可以充当除谓语之外的任外的任何句子成分。 1. 不定式作主语 1). 动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语，表示某个具体或将来的动作。Eg: To swim in the river is dangerous. _2). 在现代英语中为了平衡句子，人们常用先行词 it 作形式主语，而把真正的作主语不定式放在后边。Eg:It is dangerous to swim in the river. _3). 在上述的情况下，可以用介词 for 或 of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。Eg: It is difficult for the foreigners

33、to learn Chinese. _2. 不定式作宾语 1). 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语，表示某个具体的动作或行为。 Eg: I cant afford to buy a new car. _这样的动词有： wish , hope , manage , ask , offer, promise , pretend , decide 等。 2). 有些动词后既可以接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语。但表达的意义不尽一样，动名词作宾语表示动作的经常性、习惯性，而不定式作宾语则表示某次具体的活动或行为。这样的动词有： start , begin , continue , like , lov

34、e 等。 Eg: I like swimming, but I dont like to swim in such cold weather. _ (like swimming 表示一种习惯，而 like to swim in such cold weather 则表示一种具体的动作 ) 3). “疑问句 + 不定式”这一结构可以充当某些动词的宾语。 Eg: I dont know what to do next._4). 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面。 Eg: I fine it hard to persuade her. _5). 有些动词后面接不定式作

35、宾语表示动作尚未发生，接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生。如 remember , forget , stop, try , mean 等。Eg:I remember locking the door. （ lock 动作已经发生） Please remember to lock the door when you leave. （ lock 动作还没有发生） 3. 动词不定式作表语Eg: My job is to teach you English._ 4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 1). 动词不定式可以用在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语。Eg: He helps me to study Engli

36、sh. 此类动词有： advise , ask , allow , expect, encourage, force , permit , order, persuade, request , tell , want , wish 等。 2). 但不定式在下列这些词后面作宾补时，不定式符号要去掉。如： make , let , have, see, hear, watch, notice , observe, feel 等。 5. 动词不定式作主语补足语 Eg:The boy was made to work all day long. _They made the boy work all

37、day long. _6. 动词不定式作定语 1). 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语。 Eg: I have many letters to answer. _2). 但如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词时，要在其后面加上适当的介词。Eg: She has only a cold room to live in. _3). 动词不定式作定语还可表示将来发生的动作。Eg:The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance._6. 动词不定式作状语 1). 表目的： Eg: He worked hard to support hi

38、s large family. 有时为了加强语气，不定式可以提前到句首，也可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导 目的状语，但是 so as to 不能放在句首。 2). 表结果。Eg: He hurried home to find his wife gone. _ 有时，可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气。 3). 表原因。Eg: We are proud to be Chinese. _ 三、不定式符号的省略 1. 在使役动词 have, let, make 之后。 2. 在感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe

39、, listen to, look at 之后。 3. 在 why 和 why not 之后。 4. 在其他结构之中。如： can do nothing / everything but / except do; had better do sth; would rather do sth; help sb (to) do sth 或 help (to) do 自我检测：1The headmaster wanted the new classroom building_as soon as possibleAto put upBto be put up Cto have been put up

40、Dbeing put up2At the shoppingcentre，he didnt know what_and_with an empty bagAto buy；leaveBto be bought Cto buy；left Dwas so buy；leave 3The policeman put down the phone，_with a smile on his faceAsatisfied BsatisfyingCto be satisfiedDhaving satisfied4_，your composition is full of mistakesAWriting care

41、lessly BWritten carelesslyCHaving written carelessly DBeing written carelessly5She made a candle_us lightAgive Bgave Cto give Dgiven6The stranger you saw_with a big travellingbag stayed in Room 104 yesterdayAto come in Bcome inChas come in Dwho came in7What do you suppose made her worried?_a gold ri

42、ngALose BLostCLosing DBecause of losing 8He feft a stone_his back AhittingBhitChittedDto hit9I know its not important，but I cant help_about itAto thinkBand thinkCthinkingDbeing thought10_several times the young scientist still kept on making his experimentsAHaving been failedBHaving failed CThough f

43、ailedDBecause of failure11In Australia，he made a lot of friends_a very practical knowledge of the English languageAget Bgo getCgetting Dgot12What did you mean by saying that? I mean no harmI only_Ameant heping Bwant to help Cmeant of helpDwant helping13I never expected the shoes_Awearing out Bto be

44、worn out Cto have worn out Dbeing worn out14You must learn_Athat your time needs a wise use Bhow to make lest of your timeCto make wise use of your time Dwise ways to use your time15_is better_ones life than_ones spiritA That； lost； you lose B It； to lose； loseCThis ； losing ； losingD It； to lose ；

45、to lose16 Peter wanted his TV_，but his wife would rather have it_offA fixed； thrownB to be fixed ； be thrownCfixed ； throwing Dfixing ； throwing17 _the news of his fathers death， he burst into tearsA After hearingB On hearing C Having heardD While hearing18 Most of the artists_to the party were from

46、 South AfricaA invited B to inviteC being invited D had been invited19 Tom kept quiet about the accident_lose his jobA so not as to B so as not to C so as to notD not so as to20 She searched the top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock by the side of the path A to have rested B restingC to restD re

47、st21 Last summer I took a course on_A how to make dressB how dress be madeC how to be made dress D how dress to be made22 The secretary worded late into the night，_a long speech for the presidentA to prepare B preparing C preparedD was preparing23 Shes upstairs_lettersA writes B is writing C writeD

48、writing24 The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_A hearB to hearC hearing D heard25 The murderer was brought in ，with his hands_behind his backA being tiedB having tiedC to be tied D tied26 On Saturday afternoon， Mr Green went to the market，_some bananas and visited his cousin A

49、 boughtB buyingC to buyD buy27 Jane was made_the truck for a week as a punishmentA to wash B washing C washD to be washing28 Mr Smith warned his daughter _after drinkingA never to drive B to never driveC never drivingD never drive BCABC BCBCB BCBCD ABABC ABDDD AAA29 The light in the office is still

50、on Oh， I forgot _A turning it offB turn it offC to turn it offD having turned it off30 I can hardly imagine Peter _across the Atlantic Ocean in five daysA sail B to sail C sailing D to have sailed31 Shall we go skating or stay at home?Which_do yourself?A do you ratherB would you rather C will you ra

51、therD should you rather 32 _a reply， he decided to write againA Not receivingB Receiving not C Not having receivedD Having not received33The salesman scolded the girl caught_and let her offA to have stolenB to be stealing C to stealD stealing34 Little Jim should love_to the theatre this eveningA to be taken B to take C being takenD takingBCABC BCBCB BCBCD ABABC ABDDD AAACC BCDA