2021版高考英语一轮基础练 Step 4 以话题为主线 锤炼素养技能 必修5 Unit 1（含解析）新人教版.doc

1、Unit 1核心素养向对社会有突出贡献的人物学习; 培养学生的科学精神; 了解科学发现的过程具有其科学的严密性高考链接2019天津高考 C; 2018全国卷 C; 2018全国卷完形填空; 2018全国卷A. 话题与高考阅读理解(2019天津高考C)How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists

2、 have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats. With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物)always e

3、ats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can surviv

4、e the extinction(灭绝)of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. Mathematical models have also rev

5、ealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species

6、 they did not directly attack. And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly af

7、fected the ecological balance. Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Preventio

8、n is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return. 【文章大意】本文主要向我们说明了生态系统以及保护生态系统的重要性。1. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs? A. The living habits of species in food webs. B. The

9、rules governing food webs of the ecosystems. C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems. D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. 可知, 利用这种模式, 科学家们已经发现了在食物

10、网中的一些关键的规则。故选B。2. A strong link is found between two species when a predator. A. has a wide food choiceB. can easily find new preyC. sticks to one prey speciesD. can quickly move to another place【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey, the two species are strongl

11、y linked可知, 如果一种掠食动物一直大量吃单一的动物种类, 它们就是紧密相连的。故选C。3. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? A. The prey species they directly attack will die out. B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators. C. The living environment of other species

12、 will remain unchanged. D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段的Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. 可知, 当顶层的掠食动物稍微有变化时, 整个生

13、态系统就会有很大的影响。由此可知, 如果顶层掠食动物的种群大幅减少, 其他物种的种群也会有出乎意料的变化。故选D。4. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4? A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats. C. Species of commercial value dominate other species. D. Ind

14、ustrial activities help keep food webs stable. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。第四段例子旨在阐明人类的没有计划的活动会在很大程度上影响生态系统的平衡。故选A。5. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance? A. By getting illegal practices under control. B. By stopping us from killing large predators. C. By bringing the broken-do

15、wn ecosystems back to normal. D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段的Prevention is key可知, 预防是关键, 一旦生态系统超出了临界点, 恢复是很难的。故选D。话题词汇propose, link, reveal, prove, mathematical, model, key, principles短语句式find out, lead to, be based on; To find an answer, scientists

16、. . . ; With such models, scientists have found out. . . scientists proposed that. . . 熟词新义switch n. 开关; 转换(新)drive vt. 驾驶; 迫使(新)fish vt. 捕鱼; 打捞(新)push vt. 推动; 促使(新)微完形填空With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, 1 many weak

17、links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on 2 species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that 3 is more stable over the long term. If

18、 a predator can eat several species, it can 4 the extinction(灭绝)of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is5 to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinct

19、ion. 1. A. give up B. consist of C. turn to D. put forward2. A. endangeredB. rareC. variousD. frightening3. A. arrangementB. conclusionC. challengeD. blame4. A. handleB. investigateC. foreseeD. survive5. A. differentB. willingC. easierD. positive1. 【解析】选B。很多食物链, 是由很多弱连接而不是由很多强连接组成的。give up放弃; consis

20、t of由组成; turn to转向, 求助于; put forward提出。故选B。2. 【解析】选C。当猎食者以多种物种为食的时候endangered濒危的; rare罕见的; various各种各样的; frightening令人恐惧的。故选C。3. 【解析】选A。食物链或许被很多弱连接所主导, 因为经过了很长的时间, 这种排列稳定下来。arrangement安排, 排列; conclusion推断, 结论; challenge挑战; blame责备。故选A。4. 【解析】选D。如果一个捕食者能以几个物种为食, 即使一个物种灭绝, 它也能存活下来。handle处理; investigat

21、e调查; foresee预见; survive幸存。故选D。5. 【解析】选C。当一个被捕食的物种变得稀少时, 捕食者能够转移到另一个容易找到的物种。different不同的; willing愿意的; easier更容易的; positive积极的, 肯定的。故选C。. 话题与高考写作假如你是李华, 你的外国朋友Jack想了解著名科学家屠呦呦的相关情况, 请你根据以下要求给他写一封回信。姓名屠呦呦国籍中国职业药学家, 医学专家, 科学家兴趣爱好自幼热衷于传统中药主要经历1. 1930年12月30日生于浙江宁波; 2. 1951年考入北京大学, 主修制药专业; 3. 毕业后一直在专心于中医的研究

22、; 4. 1972年成功发现并制成了能治疗疟疾的青蒿素; 5. 2015年10月5日, 她被授予诺贝尔医学奖, 成为中国第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女性科学家。注意: 词数80左右。Step 1要点写作根据汉语提示补全句子。屠呦呦, 著名的女性药学家、医学专家、科学家, 当她年轻的时候, 就热衷于传统中药。Tu Youyou, a famous female pharmacologist, medical expert and scientist, was enthusiastic about traditional Chinese medicine when she was young. 1951年

23、, 她考入北京大学, 主修制药专业。In 1951, she was admitted into Beijing University, and majored in making medicine. 她毕业后一直在专心于中医的研究。After graduating from the university, she has been absorbed in scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine. 1972年, 她成功发现并制成了能治疗疟疾的青蒿素。In 1972, she succeeded in discovering and

24、 developing Qinghaosu and it could cure people of malaria. 2015年10月5日, 她被授予诺贝尔医学奖, 成为中国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性科学家。She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine on October 5th, 2015 and became the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize. Step 2句式升级用现在分词改写句In 1951, she was admitted into Beijing University, majo

25、ring in making medicine. 用非限制性定语从句改写In 1972, she succeeded in discovering and developing Qinghaosu, which could cure people of malaria. 用现在分词改写句She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine on October 5th, 2015, becoming the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize. Step 3组句成篇运用关联词串连以上句子。_【参考范文】Dear

26、 Jack, I am glad to hear that you would like to know something about the famous scientist Tu Youyou. Now, I will give you a brief introduction about her. Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province on December 30th, 1930, Tu Youyou, a famous female pharmacologist, medical expert and scientist, was enthusiasti

27、c about traditional Chinese medicine when she was young. In 1951, she was admitted into Beijing University, majoring in making medicine. After graduating from the university, she has been absorbed in scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine. In 1972, she succeeded in discovering and developing Qinghaosu, which could cure people of malaria. To our excitement and delight, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine on October 5th, 2015, becoming the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize. Wish you all the best! Yours, Li Hua关闭Word文档返回原板块