Unit 2. The things around us 单元知识点讲解-【帮课堂】2021-2022学年高一英语同步精品讲义（上教版必修三）.docx

1、 Unit 2 The things around us【单元词汇和短语概览】1.flood fld n. 洪水v. （使）充斥、充满2.cotton ktn n. a 棉；棉花； 棉布3.guy gai n. a man 男人；小伙子；家伙4.insect insekt n. 昆虫5.sweat swet n. v. 汗； 出汗；6.port p:t n. 港口；避风港7.discount diskant n. 折扣8.iron an v.（用熨斗）熨，烫平n. 熨斗9.export eksp:t n. 出口；输出 kspt v. 出口；输出10.hesitate heztet v. （对某

2、事）犹豫，迟疑不决11.cash k n. 现金12.profit prft v. 获益；得到好处n. 利润；收益；赢利13.living lv n. 生计；谋生；收入adj. 活着的；活的14.wine wan n. an alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes 葡萄酒15.jeans di:nz n. 牛仔裤；粗斜纹棉布裤16.economic i:knmk adj. 经济的；经济上的；17.involve nvlv v. 包含；需要；18.income nkm n. 收入；收益；所得19.treatment tri:tmnt n. 处理

3、20.quantity kwntti n. 数量21.kit kt n. 全套衣服及装备；成套工具；成套设备22.gym dm n. 健身房；体育馆23.breath bre n. 呼吸24.habitat hbtt n.（动植物的）生活和环境；栖息地25.import mp:t v. 进口；输入；引进26.replace rples v. 代替；取代27.certify s:tfa v. （尤指书面）证明；证实28.protest prtest v. 反对；抗议29.awkward :kwd adj. 令人尴尬的；使人难堪的30.majority mdrti n. 大部分；大多数31.smo

4、g smg n. 烟雾32.slide slaid n. 幻灯片33.harvest hvst v. 收割（庄稼）34.honey hni n. 蜂蜜35.bitter bt(r) adj. （食物等）味苦的；激烈而不愉快的36.flavour flev(r) n. （食物或饮料的）味道37.roast rst v. 烘烤，焙，炒38.liquid likwid n. 液体adj. 液体的39.bar b(r) n. （长方形）条，块；酒吧40.calculate klkjulet v. 计算；核算41.operation pren n. 运转；运行；操作42.advanced dvnst a

5、dj. 先进的43.version vn n. 变体；变种；型式44.dozen dzn n.（一）打；十二个45.accurate kjrt adj. 正确无误的46.rescue reskju: n. 救援；营救；抢救；获救47.application plken n. 应用，运用；申请；请求；申请书48.equipment kwpmnt n. 设备；器材49.overseas vsi:z adv. 在国外；向海外adj. 外国的；海外的50.remarkable rmkbl adj. 非凡的；奇异的；显著的51.mission mn n. 任务；使命【核心词组】in spite of 不

6、管；尽管 chewing gum 口香糖at a discount 打折扣；不受欢迎，没销路special discount 特别折扣discount price 折扣价格involve in /get involved in/ be involved in 涉及，使参与：【词汇重点】1. accurate /kjrt/adj. 正确无误的n. 精确 accuracyAn iris scan is said to be more accurate than a fingerprint because it records 240 unique details far more than the

7、 seven to twenty-four details that are analyzed in fingerprints. 据说虹膜扫描比指纹更准确，因为它记录了 240 个独特的细节远远超过指纹中分析的 7 到 24 个细节。2. advanced/dvnst/adj. 先进的（课程）高级的；高等的v. 前进 advancen. 发展 advanceHow and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began fashioning relatively adv

8、anced stone tools, is one of the great mysteries of evolution. 大约 200 万年前，早期人类祖先如何以及为何进化出巨大的大脑并开始制造相对先进的石器，这是进化的一大谜团。3. application/plken/n. （尤指理论、发现等的）应用，运用；申请；请求；申请书v. 应用 applyauthority to do sthThe truth of our modern times is that you probably wont find a student who does not use mobile applicat

9、ions today. 我们现代的真相是，您可能找不到今天不使用移动应用程序的学生。4. awkward/kwd/adj. 令人尴尬的；使人难堪的The ideal friend doesnt try to prove how powerful and successful they are; on the contrary, quite often they let us know awkward and potentially embarrassing things about themselves. 理想的朋友不会试图证明他们有多么强大和成功； 相反，他们经常让我们知道关于他们自己的尴尬

10、和潜在的尴尬。 果发生冲突，学生可以练习解决冲突的黄金法则：保持冷静。5. discount/dskant/n. 折扣v. 低估；打折扣 discountv. 数数 countadj. 数不胜数的 countlessdiscount on sthDont forget to show your ticket in order to claim your discount. 不要忘记出示您的机票以申请折扣。6. export /kspt/n. 出口；输出 & v. 出口；输出n. 出口商 exporteradj. 可出口的 exportableexport sth to sbNigerian m

11、ovies now make up 11% of Nigerias non-oil exports! 尼日利亚电影现在占尼日利亚非石油出口的 11%！7. involve /nvlv/v. 包含；需要；使成为必然部分（或结果）adj. 有关联的 involvedn. 包含 involvementinvolve sb in sth/in doing sthinvolve doing sthGroup decision-making involves discussions among members of a group, each with their own skills, experien

12、ce, ideas and information. 小组决策涉及小组成员之间的讨论，每个成员都有自己的技能、经验、想法和信息。8. majority /mdrti/n. 大部分；大多数adj. 主要的 majorThe majority of consumers worldwide trust online recommendations from stars.全球大多数消费者信任明星的在线推荐。9. operation/pren/n. 运转；运行；操作v. 运转 operateoperation on sboperation to do sthWhen businesses fail, i

13、t is often because leaders have stopped focusing on understanding their environment and instead stay separated in their own operations. 当企业失败时，通常是因为领导者不再专注于了解他们的环境，而是在自己的运营中保持独立。10. profit/prft/v. 获益；得到好处 & n. 利润；收益；盈利adj. 有利可图的 profitableprofit on sth/from sthBy becoming more efficient, businesses

14、not only increase profits but they also save natural resources. 通过提高效率，企业不仅可以增加利润，还可以节省自然资源。11. protest/prtest/v. （公开）反对；抗议n. 抗议 protestprotest about/against/at sthOn the other hand, a large number of progressives protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of read

15、ing and writing.另一方面，大量进步人士抗议说，识字比简单的阅读和写作技术掌握要复杂得多。12. replace/rples/v. 代替；取代n. 更换 replacementadj. 不可替代的 irreplaceablereplace with The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. 工业革命通过机械方法补充和替代了人类和动物的肌肉。13. rescue/reskju/n. 救援；营救；抢救；获救v.

16、 营救 rescuerescue sb/sth from sb/sthHave you ever been involved in an animal rescue? 你参与过动物救援吗？14. slide /slad/n. 幻灯片v. 滑动；衰落 slideA visual presentation (such as a video，slide show，or computer project) no more than 10 minutes long. 不超过 10 分钟的视觉演示（例如视频、幻灯片或计算机项目）。15. treatment/tritmnt/n. 处理；讨论v. 治疗；对待

17、 treattreatment for sthAfter the Civil War, many African Americans left the South to escape unfair treatment and laws that discriminated against them. 内战结束后，许多非裔美国人离开南方以逃避歧视他们的不公平待遇和法律。【单元语法讲解】学习目标1. 掌握被动语态的基本时态变化； 2. 掌握被动语态的特殊结构形式；3. 掌握不能用被动语态的几种情况；4. 掌握主动形式表示被动意义的情况。知识网络被动语态的构成序号常用被动语态构成序号常用被动语态构成

18、1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副

19、词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. 夏天不应该种树。The boy was made fun of by his classmates. 这个男孩被他的同学取笑。Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 报纸过去常被小女孩送到这里。汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is gener

20、ally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. Th

21、e clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist

22、of, have on, lose heart等等考向一 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式为（以do为例）：现在过去将来过去将来一般is / am / are donewas / were donewill / shall be donewould / should be done进行is / am / are being donewas / were being done完成have / has been donehad been donewill / shall have been done

23、would / should have been done被动语态的特殊结构形式(1)含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词be过去分词Something must be done to stop the water from being polluted.必须采取措施来制止水受到污染。(2) “get过去分词”式被动语态 在口语和非正式的语体中，常用“get过去分词”表示被动语态，其中get相当于be动词，起助动词的作用。这种形式一般用来谈论突然发生的事，通常只表示动作，不表示状态。Some glasses got broken when we were moving.我们搬家时有些玻璃杯

24、被打碎了。几种主动变被动的规则（1）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. （间接宾语为主语）A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday. （直接宾语为主语，需加介词to）（2）当动词+宾语+宾语补足语结构变为被动语态时

25、，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. （3）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into

26、 the building. （4）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如动词介词，动词副词等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.(介词off不能遗漏)5.当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(1)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主语补足语。People said he was a smart boy.可变为：It was said that he was a sm

27、art boy.He was said to be a smart boy(2)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:类似句型有:It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.【例题】1.This really excites scientists, Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the

28、moon (construct) .【答案】is constructed【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。2. The artist was sure he would (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old nan laughed.【答案】

29、be chosen【解析】考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。3. And，as more children were born，more food (need).【答案】was needed【解析】考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food为不可数名词。故填was needed。4. The pa

30、rts of a museum open to the public (call) galleries or rooms.【答案】are called【解析】考查动词时态及语态。句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观使用，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填are called。 5. On the last day of our week-long stay，we _(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore un

31、der the stars【答案】were invited。【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意：我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we，故填were invited。考向二 不能用被动语态的几种情况：1.（1）所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。（2）表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。（3）表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。（4）表示希望、意图的动词，如：wish

32、、want、hope、like、love、hate等。（5）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。考向三 主动形式表被动意义的情况：（1）系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 （2）当cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等词带状语修饰语时；（3）当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词词组表示发生、关闭、制定等意思时；（4）want，req

33、uire，need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。（5）be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。（6）在be + 形容词 + to do中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。【例题】1. It was beautiful. Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth _（save）.【答案】savingAs time went on, Einsteins theory _ to be correct

34、.A. provedB. provesC. is provedD. was proved【答案】 A【解析】句意：随着时间的推移，爱因斯坦的理论证明是正确的。prove证明是，这里用作连系动词，要用主动形式表被动含义，故选A。【课堂练习】题组一 基础过关用被动语态的形式完成下列句子1. Dont be nervous, and they will tell you where to sit.Dont be nervous, and you _ _ _ where to sit by them.2. People refers to California as the Golden State.

35、California _ _ _ as the Golden State by people.3. In order to stop the air pollution, the government have taken a lot of measures.A lot of measures _ _ _ by the government in order to stop the air pollution.4. We are discussing how to spend the summer holidays now.How to spend the summer holidays _

36、_ _ now.5. Miss Li can make her class lively and interesting, so her students respect her.Miss Li can make her class lively and interesting, so she _ _ by her students.6. Two whales have _ _ (wash) up on the beach.7. Tom was caught smoking in school, and he _ _ (punish) for it.8. If you leave the cl

37、ub, you _ _ _ _ (not allow) back in.题组二 能力提升语法填空1.After Sang Lan fell to the gymnastics mat with a broken neck, she _ (rush) to a top hospital in New York.2.Meanwhile, we cant neglect the fact that it must _ (operate) with a phone and a network.3.He is the only one of the citizens who _ (kill) by CO

38、VID-19 in our city so far.4.Shakespeares play Hamlet _ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.5.The rest of the books _ (return) to the library the other day.6. During the outbreak of novel coronavirus, all the people were_(forbid) to go out.7. Every boy and every girl in that

39、school _(invite) to attend a lecture on how to improve English yesterday.8.It _ (acknowledge) that wealth doesnt necessarily mean happiness.9.We _ (stick) in traffic for over an hour.10.The babys parents were killed in the accident and he _(adopt) by an old man.11.Many a way _ (use) to prevent the p

40、ollution, but the sky is still not clear.12.They are novels, plays and poems that _ (write) a long time ago and were so well written that people still read them nowadays.13.I have been informed that the exhibition _ (hold) next week.14.Many a student _ (send) to plant trees so far.15.If you are caug

41、ht smoking in this area, you _ (fine) by the police.16.What will you do if you _ (bite) by mosquitoes at this very moment?17.In 1997, the teaching building _ (name) after a national hero.18.He _ (attack) by a dog when he was walking along the street.19.All those old buildings _ (knock) down tomorrow

42、.20.The castle _(found) on the solid rock.【参考答案】题组一 基础过关用被动语态的形式完成下列句子1.will be told2.is referred to3.have been taken4.is being discussed5.is respected6.been washed7.was punished8.will not be allowed题组二 能力提升1.【答案】was rushed【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。根据句子结构分析可知，本空是复合句中主句的谓语部分，根据前面的时间状语从句可知，时态是一般过去时，rush sb to a

43、 hospital匆忙送某人去医院，动词rush和主语she是动宾关系，谓语要用被动语态，主语she，是单数，谓语用单数形式，故填was rushed.2.【答案】be operated【解析】考查情态动词的被动语态。句意：同时，我们不能忽视它必须通过电话和网络来操作的事实。根据句意，主语it与动词operate之间是被动关系，且设空处前有情态动词must，需用情态动词的被动语态must be done的形式。operate操作，动词原形；operated过去分词。故填be operated.3.【答案】has been killed【解析】由从句的时间状语so far和空后by COVID-

44、19可知，空处定语从句的谓语动词需用现在完成时的被动语态：has/have been done，因为先行词被the only修饰，所以空处助动词需用has.故填has been killed.4.【答案】has been made【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。over the past years在过去几年中，常与现在完成时连用；Hamlet与make之间是动宾关系，应该用被动语态，综合用现在完成时的被动形式have/has been done.因Hamlet作主语，故用has.故填has been made.5.【答案】were returned【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：其余的

45、书前几天还回了图书馆。根据后面的时间状语the other day可知，本句是一般过去时；books和return之间是被动关系，所以本句是一般过去时的被动语态，主语是books，谓语动词用复数。故填were returned.6.【答案】forbidden【解析】考查一般过去时态的被动语态。根据句子结构可知，主语all the people 与forbid是被动关系，此句使用一般过去时态的被动语态。一般过去时态的被动语态的构成是was/were+动词过去分词。forbid禁止，动词原形，过去分词是forbidden.故填forbidden.7.【答案】was invited【解析】考查时态、

46、语态和主谓一致。句意：昨天那个学校的每个男孩和女孩都被邀请去听一个关于如何提高英语的讲座。根据时间状语yesterday可知，本句要用一般过去时；主语Every boy and every girl和谓语动词invite是逻辑上的被动关系，因此要用一般过去时的被动语态；“every+名词+and+every+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，因此be动词要用was。故填was invited.8.【答案】is acknowledged【解析】考查被动语态。句意：众所周知，财富并不一定意味着幸福。Its acknowledged+that从句，是固定句型，其中acknowledged是过去分词，i

47、t是形式主语，that引导的从句是主语从句，与acknowledge是被动关系，根据that后面的从句that wealth doesnt necessarily mean happiness.的时态，此处应用应用过去分词与is构成一般现在时的被动语态。故填is acknowledged.9.【答案】were stuck【解析】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：我们遇上堵车，堵了一个多小时。we和stick之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语是复数，谓语用复数；描述过去的事实用一般过去时。故填were stuck.10.【答案】was adopted【解析】考查时态语态及主谓一致。句意：这个婴儿的父

48、母在事故中丧生，他被一位老人收养了。本句描述的是过去发生的一件事，故用一般过去时；根据句意他是被收养，应用被动语态，并且主语是第三人称单数，故填was adopted.【答案】has been used【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：许多方法已经被用来防止污染，但天空仍然不明朗。此处用现在完成时，表示过去发生的事对现在的影响。use与主语way是动宾关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。主语是Many a way，谓语用三单形式，故填has been used.12.【答案】were written【解析】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：很久以前写的小说、戏剧和诗歌，它们写得很好，现在人们仍然

49、在读它们。that作主语，引导定语从句，谓语动词和先行词一致，先行词novels, plays and poems和write是动宾关系，根据a long time ago可知，这里用一般过去时的被动语态，先行词是复数，谓语动词用复数，故填were written.13.【答案】will be held【解析】考查语态。句意：我已得知展览会将于下周举行。由时间状语next week可知，空处谓语动词需用一般将来时态，结合句意“展览将于下周举办”可知，空处谓语动词需用一般将来时态的被动语态：will be done.故填will be held.14.【答案】has been sent【解析】考

50、查谓语时态语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语so far可知，句子时态为现在完成时have/has done；many a许多，修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；根据句意可知，学生是被派出去，用被动语态。故填has been sent.15.【答案】will be fined【解析】考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意：如果你在这个地区吸烟被发现，你将被警察罚款。根据主将从现原则，本句应用一般将来时，主语you和动词fine之间是动宾关系，所以本空应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be fined.16. 【答案】are being bitten【解析】考查现在进行时的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：如果你

51、现在被蚊子叮咬，你会怎么做？根据时间状语可知，本句应用进行时，根据主将从现原则，本句应用现在进行时，主语是you，和bite之间是被动关系，应用现在进行时的被动语态。主语是you，谓语用are，故填are being bitten.17.【答案】was named【解析】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语In 1997可知，此处为一般过去时；主语the teaching building和name为被动关系，需用一般过去时的被动语态，其基本形式是：was/were+done.主语是单数名词，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填was named.18.【答案】was attacked【解

52、析】考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：他在街上走的时候被一只狗袭击了。根据when he was walking along the street可知，此处应用一般过去时；主语He与动词attack之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态；主语He是第三人称单数，系动词用was.故填was attacked.19.【答案】will be knocked【解析】考查时态及语态。句意：所有那些旧建筑物明天都要拆除。句中主语buildings与动词短语knock down之间是动宾关系，用被动语态。由句中时间状语“tomorrow”可知，时态是一般将来时。一般将来时的被动语态由“will+be+动词过去分词”构成。故填will be knocked.20.【答案】was founded【解析】考查动词时态语态。结合语境“这座城堡建在坚固的岩石上。”可知，城堡建立过了，是发生在过去的事情，需用一般过去时，the castle和found之间为被动关系，主语为单数名词，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填was founded.